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Depth-dependent soil water-salt relationships in the Hetao Irrigation District, arid Northwest China: Implications for sustainable management

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  • Yuanqing Cao
  • Huihui Wang
  • Xuan Chen
  • Li Zhu

Abstract

Soil salinization threatens agricultural productivity in arid gravity irrigation systems worldwide, yet the depth-stratified relationships between soil water and salt content remain poorly characterized. We monitored soil moisture and electrical conductivity (EC) at six depths (0–100 cm) across 15 sites in the Hetao Irrigation District, China, during the 2025 growing season. Our results indicate a depth-dependent divergence in water–salt associations. The EC-derived salinity index varied from 0.08 to 42.91 g/kg, exhibiting extreme spatial heterogeneity (coefficient of variation (CV) = 185.2%) across the salinity gradient. However, moisture-salinity relationships showed marked depth dependency. Surface soils (0–20 cm) exhibited non-statistically significant correlations (r = 0.07), whereas deep layers (60–100 cm) showed a statistically significant but weak positive correlation (r = 0.25, p

Suggested Citation

  • Yuanqing Cao & Huihui Wang & Xuan Chen & Li Zhu, 2026. "Depth-dependent soil water-salt relationships in the Hetao Irrigation District, arid Northwest China: Implications for sustainable management," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 21(10), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0360976
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0360976
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