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Delivery of cardiac rehabilitation through hybrid models and alternative settings by country income classification and decade: Comparisons from the International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation’s 2025 Global Audit Update

Author

Listed:
  • Gabriela L M Ghisi
  • Rachael P Carson
  • Karam Turk Adawi
  • Rongjing Ding
  • Monserrat Cruz Rivero
  • Claudia V Anchique
  • Dinah L van Schalkwijk
  • Jonathan Gallagher
  • Chamila Mettananda
  • Rosalia Fernández
  • Gulsim T Aimakova
  • Won-Seok Kim
  • Pamela Seron
  • Mariya P Jiandani
  • Jimena Martinez
  • Lela Maskhulia
  • Ladislav Batalik
  • Buket Akinci
  • Ssu-Yuan Chen
  • Ngone Diaba Gaye
  • Daniel F Quesada-Chaves
  • Yoshihiro Fukumoto
  • Sherry L Grace
  • on behalf of the ICCPR Global Cardiac Rehabilitation Audit Update Investigators

Abstract

Objective: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an outpatient model of secondary prevention that improves patient outcomes, yet use remains limited. Hybrid/alternative CR addresses these challenges, but global availability, structure, and volumes have not been characterized since the pandemic. Methods: The International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation’s (ICCPR) 2025 Audit Update is a cross-sectional survey of phase II CR programs worldwide. After member Associations supported identification of countries with CR, program data were collected via REDCap between May-September/2025. Data were compared by country income classification, and with prior ICCPR Audits where possible. Results: Of 6,905 CR programs identified globally, 1,505 initiated a survey (median program response rate = 62.3% per country) from 90/113 (79.6%) countries with CR. Globally, 286 (23.2%) programs in 40 (35.4%) countries reported reimbursement for hybrid/alternative models, varying significantly by country income class (p

Suggested Citation

  • Gabriela L M Ghisi & Rachael P Carson & Karam Turk Adawi & Rongjing Ding & Monserrat Cruz Rivero & Claudia V Anchique & Dinah L van Schalkwijk & Jonathan Gallagher & Chamila Mettananda & Rosalia Ferná, 2026. "Delivery of cardiac rehabilitation through hybrid models and alternative settings by country income classification and decade: Comparisons from the International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation’s 2025 Global Audit Update," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 21(10), pages 1-31, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0359951
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0359951
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