Reproducible floating car data monitoring for data-scarce highway corridors: A TomTom–HERE benchmark study

Data-scarce highway corridors require continuous monitoring, but fixed detectors are often sparse, costly, and difficult to maintain. This study developed a reproducible floating car data workflow for corridor traffic monitoring. The workflow includes scheduled data collection, rule-based filtering, database storage, indicator calculation, cross-platform comparison, and result export. The case study focused on the Kuching–Telok Melano section of the Pan Borneo Highway in Sarawak, Malaysia. A 42-point TomTom virtual monitoring panel was collected at 15 min intervals from 8 December 2025–28 February 2026. HERE traffic records were used as a 30 min external benchmark during the overlapping period from 8 to 31 December 2025 after temporal and spatial harmonization. The TomTom panel achieved 97.30% mean daily availability and detected a repeated evening pressure window near 19:30. The TomTom–HERE comparison showed similar traffic-pressure patterns at the matched block–time scale. These findings suggest that platform FCD can support corridor monitoring where fixed detectors are limited, but they should not be read as ground-truth validation.