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FPGA-based emulation framework for two-qubit quantum computation: Design, implementation, and validation

Author

Listed:
  • Arfeen Zahra
  • Madiha Khalid
  • Naveed Riaz
  • Salman Waheed
  • Umar Mujahid
  • Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam

Abstract

Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanics to perform complex computations efficiently, yet its practical implementation is hindered by hardware-software interdependence and quantum state instability. This paper advances lightweight FPGA-based quantum emulation by incorporating a universal quantum gate set, including parameterized Phase gates and the CNOT gate, to support comprehensive quantum protocol emulation on FPGA hardware. The FPGA platform used for synthesis is Artix-7. The proposed emulator is validated through simulations of quantum circuits, including Bell States, the Deutsch algorithm, Superdense coding, Grover’s search, and BB84 QKD, with results benchmarked against IBM’s noiseless quantum simulator. Utilizing FPGA’s customizable parallelism and energy efficiency, this framework offers a resource-efficient, reliable platform for developing and testing quantum algorithms.

Suggested Citation

  • Arfeen Zahra & Madiha Khalid & Naveed Riaz & Salman Waheed & Umar Mujahid & Muhammad Najam-ul-Islam, 2026. "FPGA-based emulation framework for two-qubit quantum computation: Design, implementation, and validation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 21(8), pages 1-37, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0356172
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0356172
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