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Ambient RF energy harvesting using voltage doubler rectifier for battery-free agricultural sensor networks: Design, statistical analysis, and machine learning validation

Author

Listed:
  • Md Atik Hasan Nishat
  • Prithwiraj Biswas Pallab
  • Nowrin Jannat
  • Saleha Nasrin Mishu
  • Md Fahad Ullah Utsho
  • Md Bipul Islam
  • Riaz Uddin Mondal
  • Md Firoz Ahmed
  • M Hasnat Kabir

Abstract

The growing adoption of precision agriculture requires sustainable power sources for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in remote and resource-constrained environments. Conventional battery-powered systems are constrained by limited-service life, maintenance requirements, and environmental concerns. This study presents the design, experimental validation, statistical evaluation, and machine learning (ML)-based modeling of an ambient radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting system for agricultural monitoring applications. The proposed system harvests RF energy from AM/FM broadcasting (558 kHz–108 MHz) and cellular communication bands (800–2100 MHz) using a frequency-selective broadband antenna, an integrated diplexer, switchable L-section impedance-matching networks, and a Villard voltage-doubler rectifier based on low forward-voltage OA79 germanium diodes. Experimental measurements from 30 independent repeated trials yielded a mean open-circuit output voltage of 4.07 ± 0.08 V (95% CI: 4.04–4.10 V) and a loaded output voltage of 2.11 ± 0.11 V, corresponding to a harvested power of approximately 44.5 μW across a 100 kΩ load. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated significant differences among diode types (F (2,87) = 687.4, p

Suggested Citation

  • Md Atik Hasan Nishat & Prithwiraj Biswas Pallab & Nowrin Jannat & Saleha Nasrin Mishu & Md Fahad Ullah Utsho & Md Bipul Islam & Riaz Uddin Mondal & Md Firoz Ahmed & M Hasnat Kabir, 2026. "Ambient RF energy harvesting using voltage doubler rectifier for battery-free agricultural sensor networks: Design, statistical analysis, and machine learning validation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 21(9), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0350236
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0350236
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