DG-LLM: Decomposition-based dynamic graph adaptation of large language models for spatiotemporal traffic forecasting

Traffic forecasting plays a critical role in the field of urban planning. Yet, existing methods struggle with modeling complicated spatiotemporal dependencies and capturing long-term patterns due to their multiscale nature. In this paper, we present a novel framework named DG-LLM that leverages the advantages of decomposed temporal representations and adaptive spatial connectivity to model spatiotemporal dependencies. In this framework, traffic signals are decomposed into intrinsic modes, and dynamic graphs are learned for each mode to represent the spatial dependencies. These representations are then incorporated with pre-trained Large Language Models for effective long-range temporal dependency modeling. We conducted comprehensive experiments across six real-world traffic datasets spanning urban mobility systems and highway traffic networks and evaluated short- and long-term forecasting. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework provides significant improvements over state-of-the-art approaches, including benchmark graph- and LLM-based spatiotemporal forecasting models, even in long-term forecasting scenarios with severe temporal instability. Our model outperforms other methods by achieving 13−19% improvements in MAE and 19−25% in RMSE across all six benchmarks compared with baseline approaches. Additional analyses, including ablation studies, robustness to missing data, and zero-shot cross-dataset evaluation, further validate the effectiveness and generalization capability of the proposed framework.