Identification and classification of oil and gas pipeline intru-sion events based on 1-D CNN network

Oil and gas pipeline security is critical to national infrastructure, yet existing monitoring systems often lack the sensitivity and real-time responsiveness required to detect subtle intrusion events. This study presents a novel multimodal sensing and interaction frame-work that integrates phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR)–based distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) with an optimized one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1-D CNN) architecture. The approach leverages both raw fiber optic vi-bration signals and carefully selected handcrafted features, enabling robust automatic in-trusion classification across multiple event types including manual tapping, mechanical excavation, and human footsteps. By incorporating transfer learning from publicly avail-able human activity datasets, the model achieves enhanced feature generalization, result-ing in a classification accuracy exceeding 95%. This work demonstrates the potential of combining advanced multimodal sensing technologies with deep learning-based interac-tive analytics for real-time pipeline security monitoring, paving the way for intelligent in-frastructure protection systems. Future efforts will focus on expanding dataset diversity, integrating multi-sensor fusion, and enhancing adaptive interaction capabilities for field deployment.