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Economic assessment of potential changes to essential medicines for diabetes in Uganda

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  • Atousa Bonyani
  • Tracy K Lin
  • Ambrose Jakira
  • Isaac D Kimera
  • Martin Muddu
  • Jeremy I Schwartz
  • James G Kahn

Abstract

Background: The World Health Organization suggests selecting essential medicines based on availability, accessibility, affordability, cost-effectiveness, and safety and efficacy. We examined Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAs) for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Essential Medicines and Health Supplies List for Uganda (EMHSLU), assessed all criteria, and proposed alternative medicines to improve cost-savings and health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a literature review followed by budget impact analysis (BIA) to evaluate potential cost-savings from refining EMHSLU. In our literature review, we identified metrics for measuring availability, accessibility, and affordability of medicines and evaluated evidence on cost-effectiveness, safety, and efficacy of OHAs. According to the country context and available data, we used applicable methods to analyze five classes of OHAs available in Uganda. Since the government covers essential medicines in the public sector based on BIA, we assessed affordability for the government by examining potential savings in two scenarios (#1: shifts within the EMHSLU; #2: use of non-EMHSLU drugs). Results: OHAs added to the EMHSLU 2023 are less available and accessible compared to OHAs in EMHSLU 2016. BIA scenario 1 revealed that the complete replacement of glimepiride 2 mg and gliclazide 80 mg with glibenclamide 5 mg could save the government up to USD 2.65 million per year. Additionally, scenario 2 showed that full replacement of dapagliflozin 10 mg and glimepiride 4 mg instead of their lower doses can save up to United States Dollar (USD) 230,000 and USD 600,000 per year, respectively. A review and adaptation of a published cost-effectiveness analysis highlights that sitagliptin is a cost-effective OHA in Uganda with an estimated Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio of $6,132/Quality-Adjusted LifeYear. Conclusion: The findings suggest several potential type 2 diabetes oral medication substitutions which would reduce costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Atousa Bonyani & Tracy K Lin & Ambrose Jakira & Isaac D Kimera & Martin Muddu & Jeremy I Schwartz & James G Kahn, 2025. "Economic assessment of potential changes to essential medicines for diabetes in Uganda," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(6), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0326806
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0326806
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Elizabeth F Peacocke & Sonja L Myhre & Hakan Safaralilo Foss & Unni Gopinathan, 2022. "National adaptation and implementation of WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: A qualitative evidence synthesis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(3), pages 1-23, March.
    2. Amani Thomas Mori & Eliangiringa Amos Kaale & Frida Ngalesoni & Ole Frithjof Norheim & Bjarne Robberstad, 2014. "The Role of Evidence in the Decision-Making Process of Selecting Essential Medicines in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(1), pages 1-10, January.
    3. Yaser T Bazargani & Anthonius de Boer & Hubert G M Leufkens & Aukje K Mantel-Teeuwisse, 2014. "Selection of Essential Medicines for Diabetes in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Survey of 32 National Essential Medicines Lists," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(9), pages 1-8, September.
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