Exploring the roles of male partners in the transmission, prevention and control of cervical cancer in Central Kenya: A qualitative study

Background: Cervical cancer (CC), primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, remains a major global public health issue. While it primarily affects women, male partners significantly influence HPV transmission, as well as women’s access to prevention and treatment through decision-making and social support. However, their role in prevention and treatment engagement remains underexplored. Aim: The study aimed to explore the perceptions of couples’, healthcare workers’, and policymakers’ regarding the role of male partners in the transmission, prevention, and control of cervical cancer. Setting: The study was carried out in three public county hospitals and community settings in Nyeri, Murang’a and Kirinyaga counties in Central Kenya. Methods: We used qualitative research approaches for a comprehensive exploration of the roles of male partners in CC transmission, prevention and control. We conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 73 participants including 20 couples, 20 Nurses, 2 Clinical officers 2 Gynecologists, 6 Community health workers and 3 County directors of health. All the participants were purposefully sampled. We analyzed data thematically using inductive qualitative analysis approaches. Results: Overall, we found key organizing themes including financial and logistical support, moral and emotional support, HPV transmission and prevention, gender norms and beliefs and practices. First male partners were perceived to offer financial support to facilitate cervical cancer treatment services as well as logistical support escorting their partners to the clinic or arranging for transport services. Additionally, men’s role in HPV prevention and transmission included supporting their children in vaccination as well as prevention by limiting number of sexual partners. However, Key barriers to male involvement in cervical cancer prevention and treatment reported by participants included limited knowledge about the disease, prevailing cultural beliefs and practices that favor traditional medicine over conventional healthcare, and entrenched gender norms that restrict male participation in reproductive health matters. Conclusion: Cervical cancer awareness is limited, and male partners support is shaped by financial, cultural, social, and health system factors. Addressing these issues is key to improving prevention and control efforts. Contribution: Identifying the potential barriers and male partners influence in access, screening and treatment of cervical cancer services.