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Urbanization, socioeconomic status, and exposure to PM2.5, associated with township-based cerebrovascular disease (CBD) mortality

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  • Wen-Yu Lin
  • Ping-Yi Lin
  • Chih-Da Wu
  • Wen-Miin Liang
  • Hsien-Wen Kuo

Abstract

Background/Objective: Previous research has shown an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality, particularly in chronic diseases. However, limited studies simultaneously examined the relationship between urbanization, SES, exposure to PM2.5, and cerebrovascular disease (CBD) mortality at a township level from 2011 to 2020 in Taiwan. Methods: Township-level SES data (percentages of low-income and education with college and above) and seven levels of urbanization from 2011 to 2020 were obtained from data sources in Taiwan’s central government. Age-standardized CBD mortality rates in 358 townships were calculated using the Geographic Information System (GIS) provided by the Research Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences (RCHSS) at Academia Sinica. Exposure to PM2.5 concentration was estimated using a combination of land-use regression and Ordinary Kriging to enhance the robustness of PM2.5 concentration estimates at the township level. Panel regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the association between urbanization, SES, exposure to PM2.5, and township-based CBD mortality rates. Results: There are significant differences in SES variables and exposure to PM2.5 among townships with seven levels of urbanization (P

Suggested Citation

  • Wen-Yu Lin & Ping-Yi Lin & Chih-Da Wu & Wen-Miin Liang & Hsien-Wen Kuo, 2025. "Urbanization, socioeconomic status, and exposure to PM2.5, associated with township-based cerebrovascular disease (CBD) mortality," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(6), pages 1-12, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0324070
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324070
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