IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0315655.html

A cost analysis comparing seasonal malaria chemoprevention with and without Vitamin A supplementation among under-5 children in Nigeria

Author

Listed:
  • Olusola Bukola Oresanya
  • Olujide Arije
  • Jesujuwonlo Fadipe
  • Kunle Rotimi
  • Abimbola Phillips
  • Kolawole Maxwell
  • Emmanuel Shekarau
  • Nneka Onwu
  • Eva S Bazant

Abstract

Background: Child mortality in Nigeria, significantly affected by malaria and malnutrition, remains a public health concern in the country. Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) and Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) are effective interventions that can be delivered through integrated health campaigns to reduce this mortality. This study assesses the cost implications of integrating these two interventions among under-5 children in Northeast Nigeria. Methods: A cost analysis compared standalone SMC (Cycle 1 in July 2021) with SMC-VAS integrated campaign (Cycle 4 in October 2023) in two Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Bauchi State. The number of children reached by the SMC-only campaign was 168,820 and for the SMC + Vit A campaign, the number was 170,681. Data collection utilized a mixed-methods approach, drawing from primary and secondary sources, including programmatic, financial, and coverage records. Costs were categorized into distribution, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine plus Amodaiquine (SPAQ) for SMC, Vitamin A, training, supplies, meetings, labor, supervision, and social mobilization costs. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the effect of a 10% fluctuation in the costs of distribution, labor, SPAQ, and supplies on the cost per child. Results: The total cost for the SMC standalone campaign was US$158,934, and the SMC-VAS integration was US$186,426. Distribution and drug costs were the largest contributors in the integrated and SMC-only campaign. The SMC-only cost per child was $0.94 and $1.18 when eligible children received both SMC and VAS. The integration of VAS into the SMC campaign cycle incurred an additional US$27,492 over Cycle 1 cost (US$186,426 – US$158,934). Fluctuations in distribution costs were the most influential component of the cost per child. Conclusion: Integrating VAS with SMC campaigns increases the cost by US$0.24 per child, a modest increment considering the potential health benefits. The results support the feasibility of this integration, in terms of cost, to combat child mortality from malaria and malnutrition in Nigeria. Further research is recommended to explore the cost-effectiveness of this integrated distribution model.

Suggested Citation

  • Olusola Bukola Oresanya & Olujide Arije & Jesujuwonlo Fadipe & Kunle Rotimi & Abimbola Phillips & Kolawole Maxwell & Emmanuel Shekarau & Nneka Onwu & Eva S Bazant, 2025. "A cost analysis comparing seasonal malaria chemoprevention with and without Vitamin A supplementation among under-5 children in Nigeria," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(10), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0315655
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315655
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0315655
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0315655&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0315655?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Molly E. Brown & David Backer & Trey Billing & Peter White & Kathryn Grace & Shannon Doocy & Paul Huth, 2020. "Empirical studies of factors associated with child malnutrition: highlighting the evidence about climate and conflict shocks," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 12(6), pages 1241-1252, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Backer, David & Billing, Trey, 2024. "Forecasting the prevalence of child acute malnutrition using environmental and conflict conditions as leading indicators," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    2. Peters, Koen & Fleuren, H.A. & Cruijssen, Frans, 2024. "The Role of Analytics in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger," Discussion Paper 2024-009, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    3. Poole, Nigel & Donovan, Jason & Erenstein, Olaf, 2021. "Viewpoint: Agri-nutrition research: Revisiting the contribution of maize and wheat to human nutrition and health," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    4. Kindah Ibrahim & Miroslava Bavorova & Edvin Zhllima, 2024. "Food security and livelihoods in protracted crisis: the experience of rural residents in Syria’s war zones," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 16(3), pages 659-673, June.
    5. Headey, Derek D. & Venkat, Aishwarya, 2024. "Extreme weather and undernutrition: A critical but constructive review of the literature," IFPRI discussion papers 2236, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    6. Maryia Bakhtsiyarava & Kathryn Grace, 2021. "Agricultural production diversity and child nutrition in Ethiopia," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 13(6), pages 1407-1422, December.
    7. Kenamu, Edwin & Colen, Liesbeth, 2025. "Estimating the short-term effects and seasonal dynamics of Malawi’s 2015/16 drought on household food insecurity and child malnutrition," Sustainable Food Systems Discussion Papers 352160, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development.
    8. Peters, Koen & Fleuren, H.A. & Cruijssen, Frans, 2024. "The Role of Analytics in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger," Other publications TiSEM a228bc07-76f6-4405-b563-8, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    9. Rudolfsen, Ida & Bartusevičius, Henrikas & van Leeuwen, Florian & Østby, Gudrun, 2024. "War and food insecurity in Ukraine," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    10. Ravi Bhavnani & Nina Schlager & Karsten Donnay & Mirko Reul & Laura Schenker & Maxime Stauffer & Tirtha Patel, 2023. "Household behavior and vulnerability to acute malnutrition in Kenya," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-14, December.
    11. repec:zib:zbesmy:v:5:y:2024:i:2:p:134-149 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Solomon O. Okunade & Joe E. Assoua & Samuel O. Binuomote & Evans Osabuohien & Bomdzele Eric & Sarah Enwa & Olanrewaju Omosehin, 2025. "Climate Change, Land Degradation and Sustainable Development in Africa? Evidence for AfCFTA Implementation," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(4), pages 5251-5268, August.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0315655. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.