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Factors associated with anxiety during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: An analysis of the COVID-19 Citizen Science study

Author

Listed:
  • Aaron E Cozen
  • Thomas Carton
  • Rita Hamad
  • John Kornak
  • Madelaine Faulkner Modrow
  • Noah D Peyser
  • Soo Park
  • Jaime H Orozco
  • Matthew Brandner
  • Emily C O’Brien
  • Djeneba Audrey Djibo
  • Cheryl N McMahill-Walraven
  • Carmen R Isasi
  • Alexis L Beatty
  • Jeffrey E Olgin
  • Gregory M Marcus
  • Mark J Pletcher

Abstract

COVID-19 increased the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety in the United States. To investigate contributing factors we analyzed anxiety, reported online via monthly Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7) surveys between April 2020 and May 2022, in association with self-reported worry about the health effects of COVID-19, economic difficulty, personal COVID-19 experience, and subjective social status. 333,292 anxiety surveys from 50,172 participants (82% non-Hispanic white; 73% female; median age 55, IQR 42–66) showed high levels of anxiety, especially early in the pandemic. Anxiety scores showed strong independent associations with worry about the health effects of COVID-19 for oneself or family members (GAD-7 score +3.28 for highest vs. lowest category; 95% confidence interval: 3.24, 3.33; p

Suggested Citation

  • Aaron E Cozen & Thomas Carton & Rita Hamad & John Kornak & Madelaine Faulkner Modrow & Noah D Peyser & Soo Park & Jaime H Orozco & Matthew Brandner & Emily C O’Brien & Djeneba Audrey Djibo & Cheryl N , 2024. "Factors associated with anxiety during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: An analysis of the COVID-19 Citizen Science study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(2), pages 1-18, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0297922
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297922
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