Incidence and risk factors for unplanned readmission after colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis

Background: Unplanned readmissions (URs) after colorectal surgery (CRS) are common, expensive, and result from failure to progress in postoperative recovery. These are considered preventable, although the true extent is yet to be defined. In addition, their successful prediction remains elusive due to significant heterogeneity in this field of research. This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies aimed to identify the clinically relevant predictors of UR after colorectal surgery. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using indexed sources (The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, and Embase) to search for published studies in English between 1996 and 2022. The search strategy returned 625 studies for screening of which, 150 were duplicates, and 305 were excluded for irrelevance. An additional 150 studies were excluded based on methodology and definition criteria. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria and for the meta-analysis. Independent meta-extraction was conducted by multiple reviewers (JD & SR) in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The primary outcome was defined as UR within 30 days of index discharge after colorectal surgery. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Results: The reported 30-day UR rate ranged from 6% to 22.8%. Increased comorbidity was the strongest preoperative risk factor for UR (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.28–1.51). Stoma formation was the strongest operative risk factor (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.38–1.72). The occurrence of postoperative complications was the strongest postoperative and overall risk factor for UR (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.21–7.61). Conclusions: Increased comorbidity, stoma formation, and postoperative complications are clinically relevant predictors of UR after CRS. These risk factors are readily identifiable before discharge and serve as clinically relevant targets for readmission risk-reducing strategies. Successful readmission prediction may facilitate the efficient allocation of healthcare resources.