Prevalence of urinary tract infections and risk factors among diabetic patients in Ethiopia, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical problem that comprises 1–6% of medical referrals and includes urinary tract, bladder, and kidney infections. UTI is the most commonly occurring infectious disease in diabetic patients. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods: The online libraries of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct, were searched. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using STATA statistical software (v. 16). Forest plots, Begg’s rank test, and Egger’s regression test were all used to check for publication bias. To look for heterogeneity, I2 was computed, and an overall estimated analysis was carried out. Subgroup analysis was done by region, and publication year. Meta-regression analysis using study-level covariates as predictors of study-level estimates to explore the determinants of potential heterogeneity in our pooled estimates. The pooled odds ratio for related covariates was also calculated. Results: Out of 1128 studies assessed, 14 met our criteria and were included in the study. A total of 3773 people were included in the study. The prevalence of urinary tract infection was estimated to be 15.97% (95% CI: 12.72–19.23). According to subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was observed in the SNNP region (19.21%) and studies conducted in and after 2018 (17.98%). Being female (AOR = 3.77; 95% CI: 1.88, 5.65), being illiterate (AOR = 5.29; 95% CI: 1.98, 8.61), prior urinary tract infection history (AOR = 3.04; 95% CI: 2.16–3.92) were the predictor of urinary tract infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary tract infections was high in Ethiopia. Female gender, illiteracy, and prior UTI history were associated with urinary tract infections. Since UTIs in diabetic patients has serious medical and public health consequence, screening of UTIs in diabetic patients and early initiation of treatment should become a public health priority.