The multi-omics fallacy in microbiome science

Artificial intelligence and machine-learning-assisted multi-omics have expanded the scale and ambition of microbiome research, but they have also sharpened an older interpretive problem. Biologically plausible structure is too easily mistaken for biological explanation. This Perspective defines the multi-omics fallacy as claim inflation that occurs when integrating microbial, host, environmental, spatial, and clinical data is assumed to move interpretation from association toward verified mechanism without a corresponding gain in measurement, localization, temporal resolution, functional linkage, or perturbation. The risk is not that computational integration lacks value. It is that predictions, imputations, inferred pathways, feature attributions, and cross-layer networks can acquire mechanistic authority before their biological status has been established. In microbiome science, where stool readouts, taxonomic abundance, inferred function, and predicted metabolites often serve as proxies for host-microbial interaction, this slippage can make uncertain claims appear more complete than the evidence allows. Computational confidence can amplify structured artifact when systematic error becomes learnable. This Perspective proposes a model-to-mechanism burden of proof that distinguishes prediction from explanation, imputation from observation, attribution from causality, cross-layer coherence from mechanism, and diagnostic performance from biological validity. This framework is intended to strengthen, not constrain, computational microbiome science by clarifying which outputs support classification or hypothesis generation and which require direct measurement, localization, temporal analysis, functional validation, or perturbation. Used this way, computational models can help expose uncertainty, prioritize experiments, identify fragile claims, and sharpen biological questions. The result would be a more powerful form of computational microbiome science, one in which models do not stand in for mechanisms but guide the work needed to earn them.