Targeting neuroinflammation with nutraceuticals: A potential avenue for managing cognitive decline in dementia

Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by cognitive decline, predominantly affecting the aging population. With the increasing global prevalence of dementia and limited efficacy of current pharmacological treatments, there is a critical need to explore alternative preventive and therapeutic strategies. This review examines the neuroprotective potential of nutraceuticals, focusing on their role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to dementia pathogenesis. The study conducts a comprehensive review of existing literature to evaluate the impact of various nutraceuticals, bioactive dietary compounds, on neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms by which these compounds influence neuroinflammatory pathways and their relevance to the pathogenesis of dementia. Current evidence supports the neuroprotective effects of several classes of nutraceuticals, including vitamins, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and probiotics. These compounds appear to modulate neuroinflammation by regulating microglial and astrocytic activity, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, and reducing oxidative stress, collectively contributing to the attenuation of cognitive decline. The integration of nutraceuticals into dietary interventions may serve as a viable adjunctive strategy for mitigating cognitive decline in aging populations. A deeper understanding of their underlying mechanisms could facilitate the development of targeted, non-pharmacological approaches for preventing and caring for dementia.