Socioeconomic Determinants and Fertility Control Costs Shaping Modern Contraceptive Use among Married Filipino Women

The high unmet need for contraception in the Philippines impedes progress toward effective family planning and reproductive health. This study examines socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing modern contraceptive use among married Filipino women aged 15–49, drawing on data from the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Based on Easterlin’s Economic Framework of Fertility Analysis, the determinants investigated include age, type of residence, education, employment status, wealth index, religion, number of living children, exposure to family planning messages in any media, and visits to a healthcare facility. Multilevel mixed-effects regression revealed a significant association between modern contraceptive use and age, attainment of primary, secondary, and higher education levels, being Muslim, number of living children, exposure to family planning information, and healthcare facility visits. These findings underscore the importance of targeted family planning interventions for married Filipino women. The study recommends policies and further research focused on initiatives that expand knowledge, opportunities, and access to modern contraceptives, particularly for younger age groups. Enhancing access to family planning through programs that minimize fertility control costs will ensure inclusive progress toward economic development.