Development and validation of civic engagement scale

This study identifies areas of civic engagement measurement that contribute to sustainable social revitalization. Applying the theory of motivation and behavior, we developed and validated a civic engagement scale through a comprehensive literature review and analysis to explore its concept and components. Interviews with five academics and nine field personnel, alongside two Delphi surveys, were conducted to verify the content validity of the civic engagement concepts, components, and preliminary questions. A civic engagement model was then developed to capture cognitive, affective, agentic, and relational behaviors. To ensure contemporary relevance, the scale development process incorporated evolving civic values such as environmental sustainability, cultural participation, and digital engagement. Using results from a preliminary survey (N = 206), we established a hypothesized model and validated it through a main survey (N = 842). We ensured scientific rigor by assessing the validity and reliability across dimensions. The study yielded a multidimensional framework for interpreting civic engagement, capturing highly engaged agentic and relational behaviors that existing tools may not measure. Additionally, shifts in citizens values were analyzed to propose new areas of civic engagement activity. Lastly, the validation process confirmed the scale’s scientific rigor and demonstrated its reliability for interpretation.