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The dual-track paradox in social welfare—a layered governance perspective

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  • Yujie Zhang

    (Chongqing University)

Abstract

This study investigates the dual-track paradox in China’s welfare governance, where formal state-led programs and informal relational strategies coexist and interact. Using the 2021 Chinese Social Survey data (N = 9260), it examines how formal social security participation and informal gift-giving behavior relate to individual life stress. Results indicate that while formal participation is associated with lower stress (β = –0.037, p

Suggested Citation

  • Yujie Zhang, 2025. "The dual-track paradox in social welfare—a layered governance perspective," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palcom:v:12:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-025-05601-5
    DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-05601-5
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