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Premium or Penalty? Occupations and Earnings of Ottoman Immigrants and Their Offspring in the United States, 1900–1940

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Listed:
  • Rami Zalfou
  • Martin Dribe

Abstract

We study the economic integration of immigrants from Ottoman Syria and Turkey and their offspring in the United States using full count census data from 1900 to 1940. Immigrants initially achieved occupational premiums due to their selection into high-reward industries, but 1940 earnings data reveals significant and growing disadvantages over time, partly due to lower educational attainment. In contrast, the second generation achieved substantial upward mobility, closing both the education and earnings gaps with native Whites. This contrasts with the experience of Northern European immigrants who matched natives more closely in terms of occupations and earnings.

Suggested Citation

  • Rami Zalfou & Martin Dribe, 2025. "Premium or Penalty? Occupations and Earnings of Ottoman Immigrants and Their Offspring in the United States, 1900–1940," European Review of Economic History, European Historical Economics Society, vol. 29(2), pages 244-271.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:ereveh:v:29:y:2025:i:2:p:244-271.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/ereh/heae020
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