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Causal models for longitudinal and panel data: a survey

Author

Listed:
  • Dmitry Arkhangelsky
  • Guido Imbens

Abstract

SummaryIn this survey we discuss the recent causal panel data literature. This recent literature has focused on credibly estimating causal effects of binary interventions in settings with longitudinal data, emphasising practical advice for empirical researchers. It pays particular attention to heterogeneity in the causal effects, often in situations where few units are treated and with particular structures on the assignment pattern. The literature has extended earlier work on difference-in-differences or two-way fixed effect estimators. It has more generally incorporated factor models or interactive fixed effects. It has also developed novel methods using synthetic control approaches.

Suggested Citation

  • Dmitry Arkhangelsky & Guido Imbens, 2024. "Causal models for longitudinal and panel data: a survey," The Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 27(3), pages 1-61.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:emjrnl:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:c1-c61.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/ectj/utae014
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Guanhao Zhou & Yuefeng Han & Xiufan Yu, 2025. "Covariate-Adjusted Deep Causal Learning for Heterogeneous Panel Data Models," Papers 2505.20536, arXiv.org.
    2. Fayssal Ayad, 2026. "Breaking away: development burdens of secession in Africa," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 70(2), pages 1-29, February.
    3. Luis Alvarez & Bruno Ferman & Kaspar Wuthrich, 2025. "Inference with few treated units," Papers 2504.19841, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2025.
    4. Spoelstra, Peter & Stolp, Tom & Golsteyn, Bart H.H. & Cornelisz, Ilja & van Klaveren, Chris, 2025. "Truncated History Framework for Synthetic Control Approaches," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    5. Valentin-Marian Antohi & Costinela Fortea & Monica Laura Zlati & Rohail Hassan, 2025. "Unemployment in EU Member States: Evidence on the Influence of Economic and Demographic Factors," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 2, pages 210-222.
    6. Marco Piccininni & Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen & Mats J. Stensrud, 2025. "Refining the Notion of No Anticipation in Difference-in-Differences Studies," Papers 2507.12891, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2025.
    7. Nuno Garoupa & Rok Spruk, 2025. "Revolutions as structural breaks: the long-term economic and institutional consequences of the 1979 Iranian Revolution," Constitutional Political Economy, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 273-301, September.
    8. Ben Deaner & Chen-Wei Hsiang & Andrei Zeleneev, 2025. "Inferring Treatment Effects in Large Panels by Uncovering Latent Similarities," Papers 2503.20769, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2025.
    9. Hainmueller, Jens & Marbach, Moritz & Hangartner, Dominik & Harder, Niklas & Vallizadeh, Ehsan, 2025. "Refugee Labor Market Integration at Scale: Evidence from Germany’s Fast-Track Employment Program," SocArXiv px9ew_v2, Center for Open Science.
    10. Konstantin Egorov & Vasily Korovkin & Alexey Makarin & Dzhamilya Nigmatulina, 2025. "Trade sanctions," Economics Working Papers 1920, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
    11. Federico Crippa, 2025. "Identification, Estimation, and Inference in Two-Sided Interaction Models," Papers 2510.22884, arXiv.org.
    12. Ruonan Xu & Luther Yap, 2024. "Clustering with Potential Multidimensionality: Inference and Practice," Papers 2411.13372, arXiv.org.
    13. Alex Flores & Axel Vega, 2025. "APP como innovación en Salud Pública Descongestión de establecimientos de salud en Lima a través de los policlínicos Guillermo Kaelin y Alberto Barton," Working Papers 005, Agencia de Promoción de la Inversión Privada, Unidad de Análisis de Datos, Investigación e Inteligencia Estratégica, revised Mar 2025.
    14. Fabrizia Mealli & Javier Viviens, 2025. "Difference-in-Differences in the Presence of Unknown Interference," Papers 2512.21176, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2026.
    15. repec:osf:osfxxx:brhd3_v2 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Susan Athey & Guido Imbens, 2025. "Identification of Average Treatment Effects in Nonparametric Panel Models," Papers 2503.19873, arXiv.org.
    17. Franckx, Laurent & Hoornaert, Bruno, 2025. "The reform of the Flemish registration and annual road taxes: did they cause a change in the CO2 emission factors of new cars?," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    18. Germà Bel & Joël Bühler, 2025. "Does It Take More Than One Village? The Effect of Inter-Municipal Cooperation on Waste Separation," IREA Working Papers 202501, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Applied Economics.
    19. Augusto Cerqua & Marco Letta & Gabriele Pinto, 2024. "On the (Mis)Use of Machine Learning with Panel Data," Papers 2411.09218, arXiv.org, revised May 2025.
    20. Silvia De Nicol`o & Beatrice Biondi & Mario Mazzocchi, 2026. "Three's a crowd: Identification challenges in the triple difference model with spillover effects," Papers 2601.15764, arXiv.org.
    21. Javier Viviens, 2025. "Estimating the Intensive Margin Effect in Panel Data Settings," Papers 2502.08614, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2026.

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