IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nwe/eajour/y2025i2p537-562.html

The Long-Term Nexus of Population Density, Number of Vehicles, and Local Communities’ Welfare in Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Wahyudi Iskandar

    (Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia)

  • Taufik Syahzaeni

    (Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia)

  • Khusaini Khusaini

    (Universitas Islam Syekh-Yusuf, Tangerang, Indonesia)

Abstract

One of the main problems found in developing countries is the improvement of welfare. Many policymakers have attempted to determine the aspects that promote community welfare. Several prior findings are still debatable regarding the relationship between population density, number of vehicles, and community welfare. In addition, studies at the subdistrict level are also rare in Indonesia. This study intends to assess the impacts of density and size of the population on the long-run income of local communities in subdistricts in the Tangerang Municipality. We utilized data from 13 subdistricts during the 2014–2022 period. The FMOLS panel showed that population density is proven to have significant negative impacts on the welfare of local communities in Tangerang Municipality’s subdistricts in the long-term. In addition, an increase in the number of vehicles contributed strongly to the improvement of the local communities’ welfare. In this study, information about population density and the number of vehicles owned by the communities can be used by the Tangerang Municipality Government to develop a policy instrument that promotes local community welfare. The findings have implications that the increasing population density should be controlled, and the flow of urbanization should be reduced. The Tangerang Municipality government should manage the high number of vehicles so that problems that arise on the road can be reduced.

Suggested Citation

  • Wahyudi Iskandar & Taufik Syahzaeni & Khusaini Khusaini, 2025. "The Long-Term Nexus of Population Density, Number of Vehicles, and Local Communities’ Welfare in Indonesia," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 2, pages 537-562, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:nwe:eajour:y:2025:i:2:p:537-562
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.unwe.bg/doi/eajournal/2025.2/EA.2025.2.12.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    2. Pedroni, Peter, 2004. "Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties Of Pooled Time Series Tests With An Application To The Ppp Hypothesis," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 597-625, June.
    3. Tian Wu & Mengbo Zhang & Xunmin Ou, 2014. "Analysis of Future Vehicle Energy Demand in China Based on a Gompertz Function Method and Computable General Equilibrium Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-29, November.
    4. Kaddour Hadri, 2000. "Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 3(2), pages 148-161.
    5. Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M. & Pietrostefani, Elisabetta, 2019. "The economic effects of density: A synthesis," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 93-107.
    6. Sen, Amartya, 1980. "The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Reply," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 18(4), pages 1547-1552, December.
    7. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    8. Pencho D. Penchev & M. Erdem ?zg?r, 2019. "The Role of the State in the Economic Policy and Thought of Bulgaria and Turkey during the Interwar Period," HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 8(1), pages 51-66.
    9. Khusaini Khusaini & Heni Cahya Ramdani & Estu Niana Syamiya & Iis Aisyah, 2022. "Does the government expenditure on education and family income boost educational expansion?: Lesson from panel FMOLS," Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, Pro Global Science Association, vol. 24(2), pages 89-105, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jin, Taeyoung, 2022. "Impact of heat and electricity consumption on energy intensity: A panel data analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    2. Mounir Belloumi & Ahmed Aljazea, 2024. "Relationship between Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel Nonlinear ARDL Model," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(2), pages 468-476, March.
    3. Angeliki N. Menegaki, 2019. "The ARDL Method in the Energy-Growth Nexus Field; Best Implementation Strategies," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-16, October.
    4. Anil Shrestha & Makoto Kakinaka, 2022. "Remittance Inflows and Energy Transition of the Residential Sector in Developing Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-19, August.
    5. Trabelsi Ramzi & Jouini Wiem, 2019. "Causality Nexus between Economic Growth, Inflation and Innovation," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 10(1), pages 35-58, March.
    6. Haoran Zhao & Sen Guo & Huiru Zhao, 2018. "Impacts of GDP, Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption, Energy Consumption Intensity, and Economic Structure on SO 2 Emissions: A Multi-Variate Panel Data Model Analysis on Selected Chinese Provinces," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, March.
    7. Afef Bouattour & Maha Kalai & Kamel Helali, 2024. "Threshold effects of technology import on industrial employment: a panel smooth transition regression approach," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 13(1), pages 1-33, December.
    8. Yixing Yang & Md. Qamruzzaman & Mohd Ziaur Rehman & Salma Karim, 2021. "Do Tourism and Institutional Quality Asymmetrically Effects on FDI Sustainability in BIMSTEC Countries: An Application of ARDL, CS-ARDL, NARDL, and Asymmetric Causality Test," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-29, September.
    9. Muhammad Bilal Khan & Hummera Saleem & Malik Shahzad Shabbir & Xie Huobao, 2022. "The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(1), pages 107-134, February.
    10. Chaaben, Nahla & Saida, Imen & Helali, Kamel, 2026. "Analyzing the non-linear impact of carbon dioxide emissions on renewable energy in Commonwealth nations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    11. Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Demir, Ender & Padhan, Hemachandra, 2020. "The impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the OECD countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    12. Md. Qamruzzaman (a) and Wei Jianguo (b), 2020. "Nexus between Remittance and Household Consumption: Fresh Evidence from Symmetric or Asymmetric Investigation," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 45(3), pages 1-27, September.
    13. Jin, Taeyoung, 2022. "The evolutionary renewable energy and mitigation impact in OECD countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 570-586.
    14. Salifou Ouedraogo & Hamidou Sawadogo, 2022. "Financial development, financial structure and economic growth in the Sub‐Saharan African countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(3), pages 3139-3162, July.
    15. Huiru Zhao & Haoran Zhao & Xiaoyu Han & Zhonghua He & Sen Guo, 2016. "Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Labor Force and Capital Input: A More Comprehensive Analysis on North China Using Panel Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-21, October.
    16. Katircioglu, Salih Turan & Sertoglu, Kamil & Candemir, Mehmet & Mercan, Mehmet, 2015. "Oil price movements and macroeconomic performance: Evidence from twenty-six OECD countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 257-270.
    17. Khalid Ahmed, 2024. "Pooled mean group estimation of an energy-globalization-emissions nexus: Evidence from the selected South- and South-East Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(7), pages 3625-3646, November.
    18. Qamruzzaman, Md & Jianguo, Wei, 2020. "The asymmetric relationship between financial development, trade openness, foreign capital flows, and renewable energy consumption: Fresh evidence from panel NARDL investigation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 827-842.
    19. Tuğba Akın, 2019. "The Effects of Political Stability on Foreign Direct Investment in Fragile Five Countries," Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, vol. 11(4), pages 237-255, December.
    20. Ozcan, Burcu, 2013. "The nexus between carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Middle East countries: A panel data analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1138-1147.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nwe:eajour:y:2025:i:2:p:537-562. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Vanya Lazarova (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/unweebg.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.