IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nwe/eajour/y2025i2p537-562.html

The Long-Term Nexus of Population Density, Number of Vehicles, and Local Communities’ Welfare in Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Wahyudi Iskandar

    (Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia)

  • Taufik Syahzaeni

    (Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia)

  • Khusaini Khusaini

    (Universitas Islam Syekh-Yusuf, Tangerang, Indonesia)

Abstract

One of the main problems found in developing countries is the improvement of welfare. Many policymakers have attempted to determine the aspects that promote community welfare. Several prior findings are still debatable regarding the relationship between population density, number of vehicles, and community welfare. In addition, studies at the subdistrict level are also rare in Indonesia. This study intends to assess the impacts of density and size of the population on the long-run income of local communities in subdistricts in the Tangerang Municipality. We utilized data from 13 subdistricts during the 2014–2022 period. The FMOLS panel showed that population density is proven to have significant negative impacts on the welfare of local communities in Tangerang Municipality’s subdistricts in the long-term. In addition, an increase in the number of vehicles contributed strongly to the improvement of the local communities’ welfare. In this study, information about population density and the number of vehicles owned by the communities can be used by the Tangerang Municipality Government to develop a policy instrument that promotes local community welfare. The findings have implications that the increasing population density should be controlled, and the flow of urbanization should be reduced. The Tangerang Municipality government should manage the high number of vehicles so that problems that arise on the road can be reduced.

Suggested Citation

  • Wahyudi Iskandar & Taufik Syahzaeni & Khusaini Khusaini, 2025. "The Long-Term Nexus of Population Density, Number of Vehicles, and Local Communities’ Welfare in Indonesia," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 2, pages 537-562, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:nwe:eajour:y:2025:i:2:p:537-562
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.unwe.bg/doi/eajournal/2025.2/EA.2025.2.12.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pedroni, Peter, 2004. "Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties Of Pooled Time Series Tests With An Application To The Ppp Hypothesis," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 597-625, June.
    2. Kaddour Hadri, 2000. "Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 3(2), pages 148-161.
    3. Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M. & Pietrostefani, Elisabetta, 2019. "The economic effects of density: A synthesis," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 93-107.
    4. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    5. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    6. Tian Wu & Mengbo Zhang & Xunmin Ou, 2014. "Analysis of Future Vehicle Energy Demand in China Based on a Gompertz Function Method and Computable General Equilibrium Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-29, November.
    7. Pencho D. Penchev & M. Erdem ?zg?r, 2019. "The Role of the State in the Economic Policy and Thought of Bulgaria and Turkey during the Interwar Period," HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 8(1), pages 51-66.
    8. Khusaini Khusaini & Heni Cahya Ramdani & Estu Niana Syamiya & Iis Aisyah, 2022. "Does the government expenditure on education and family income boost educational expansion?: Lesson from panel FMOLS," Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, Pro Global Science Association, vol. 24(2), pages 89-105, December.
    9. Yang, Zhenshan & Jia, Peng & Liu, Weidong & Yin, Hongchun, 2017. "Car ownership and urban development in Chinese cities: A panel data analysis," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 127-134.
    10. Sen, Amartya, 1980. "The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Reply," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 18(4), pages 1547-1552, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jin, Taeyoung, 2022. "Impact of heat and electricity consumption on energy intensity: A panel data analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    2. Haoran Zhao & Sen Guo & Huiru Zhao, 2018. "Impacts of GDP, Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption, Energy Consumption Intensity, and Economic Structure on SO 2 Emissions: A Multi-Variate Panel Data Model Analysis on Selected Chinese Provinces," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, March.
    3. Yixing Yang & Md. Qamruzzaman & Mohd Ziaur Rehman & Salma Karim, 2021. "Do Tourism and Institutional Quality Asymmetrically Effects on FDI Sustainability in BIMSTEC Countries: An Application of ARDL, CS-ARDL, NARDL, and Asymmetric Causality Test," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-29, September.
    4. Muhammad Bilal Khan & Hummera Saleem & Malik Shahzad Shabbir & Xie Huobao, 2022. "The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(1), pages 107-134, February.
    5. Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Demir, Ender & Padhan, Hemachandra, 2020. "The impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the OECD countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    6. Md. Qamruzzaman (a) and Wei Jianguo (b), 2020. "Nexus between Remittance and Household Consumption: Fresh Evidence from Symmetric or Asymmetric Investigation," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 45(3), pages 1-27, September.
    7. Jin, Taeyoung, 2022. "The evolutionary renewable energy and mitigation impact in OECD countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 570-586.
    8. Salifou Ouedraogo & Hamidou Sawadogo, 2022. "Financial development, financial structure and economic growth in the Sub‐Saharan African countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(3), pages 3139-3162, July.
    9. Katircioglu, Salih Turan & Sertoglu, Kamil & Candemir, Mehmet & Mercan, Mehmet, 2015. "Oil price movements and macroeconomic performance: Evidence from twenty-six OECD countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 257-270.
    10. Khalid Ahmed, 2024. "Pooled mean group estimation of an energy-globalization-emissions nexus: Evidence from the selected South- and South-East Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(7), pages 3625-3646, November.
    11. Qamruzzaman, Md & Jianguo, Wei, 2020. "The asymmetric relationship between financial development, trade openness, foreign capital flows, and renewable energy consumption: Fresh evidence from panel NARDL investigation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 827-842.
    12. Tuğba Akın, 2019. "The Effects of Political Stability on Foreign Direct Investment in Fragile Five Countries," Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, vol. 11(4), pages 237-255, December.
    13. Jaunky, V.C., 2007. "Income Elasticities Of Electric Power Consumption: Evidence From African Countries, 1971-2002," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 7(2), pages 25-50.
    14. Afef Bouattour & Maha Kalai & Kamel Helali, 2024. "The non-linear relationship between ESG performance and bank stability in the digital era: new evidence from a regime-switching approach," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, December.
    15. Zeeshan Arshad & Margarita Robaina & Anabela Botelho, 2020. "Renewable and Non-renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Natural Resources Impact on Environmental Quality: Empirical Evidence from South and Southeast Asian Countries with CS-ARDL Modeling," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(5), pages 368-383.
    16. Alishba Hania & Chien-Chiang Lee & Farzan Yahya, 2025. "Climate anxiety, economic policy uncertainty, and green growth," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 1-34, February.
    17. Najid Ahmad & Xuejiao Ma, 2022. "How does tourism development affect environmental pollution?," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(6), pages 1453-1479, September.
    18. Anis Ochi & Mohamed Ali Labidi & Yosra Saidi, 2024. "The Nexus Between Pro-poor Growth, Inequality, Institutions and Poverty: Evidence from Low and Middle Income Developing Countries," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 172(2), pages 703-739, March.
    19. Mounir Belloumi & Ahmed Aljazea, 2024. "Relationship between Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel Nonlinear ARDL Model," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(2), pages 468-476, March.
    20. Angeliki N. Menegaki, 2019. "The ARDL Method in the Energy-Growth Nexus Field; Best Implementation Strategies," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-16, October.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nwe:eajour:y:2025:i:2:p:537-562. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Vanya Lazarova (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/unweebg.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.