Budgets of Russian households: In which consumption domains do time and money substitute for or complement each other?

The article presents the results of a study examining the relationship between time and monetary expenditures among Russian households across different spheres of consumption. Drawing on data from a nationwide population survey combining questionnaire-based information with time-use diaries, the study demonstrates that, depending on the specific sphere of consumption, time and money may function either as complements or as substitutes. An example of complementarity is investment in children, where adult household members predominantly report both financial expenditures and time spent with children. By contrast, charitable activities represent a case of substitution, as the share of respondents reporting monetary contributions substantially exceeds the share indicating time expenditures. At the same time, variations in the relationship between time and money are determined not only by the sphere of expenditure itself, but also by the material well-being of households. More affluent Russians possess broader opportunities to substitute monetary expenditures for time expenditures, however, they do not resort to such substitution uniformly across all domains. The analysis of the scale of time and monetary expenditures suggests that the population is differentiated not only by material status. An equally important factor shaping these differences is the stage of the individual and family life cycle, which influences not only the principal directions of expenditure, but also the extent to which time and money function as complementary or substitutive resources.