IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/nature/v640y2025i8060d10.1038_s41586-025-08775-9.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A sharp volatile-rich cap to the Yellowstone magmatic system

Author

Listed:
  • Chenglong Duan

    (University of New Mexico
    Rice University)

  • Wenkai Song

    (University of New Mexico)

  • Brandon Schmandt

    (Rice University)

  • Jamie Farrell

    (University of Utah)

  • David Lumley

    (University of Texas at Dallas)

  • Tobias Fischer

    (University of New Mexico)

  • Lindsay Lowe Worthington

    (University of New Mexico)

  • Fan-Chi Lin

    (University of Utah)

Abstract

The stability of hazardous volcanic systems is strongly influenced by the uppermost magma storage depth and volatile exsolution1–3. Despite abundant evidence for an upper crustal magma reservoir beneath Yellowstone caldera4–7, its depth and the properties at its top have not been well constrained. New controlled-source seismic imaging illuminates a sharp reflective cap of the magma reservoir approximately 3.8 km beneath the northeastern caldera. Magma ascent to such low pressure is expected to drive volatile exsolution and potentially localized accumulation of bubbles near the top of the reservoir8,9, but this process typically remains hidden in contemporary volcanic systems. P-wave and P-to-S-wave reflections from the sharp top of the Yellowstone magma reservoir indicate that a mixture of supercritical fluid and magma fills the pore space at the cap of the approximately 3–8-km-deep low-shear-velocity layer imaged by seismic tomography6,7. The results are consistent with partial retention of bubbles exsolved from an upper crustal reservoir with ongoing magma supply from a volatile-enriched mantle source. Bubble accumulation can eventually lead to reservoir instability2,8, but the bubble volume fraction seismically estimated at the top of the reservoir today is lower than typical estimates of pre-eruptive conditions for rhyolites1,10,11, and measurements of the hydrothermal system document high fluxes of magmatic volatiles escaping to the surface12–15. We infer that the magma reservoir is in a stable state of efficient bubble ascent into the hydrothermal system on the basis of estimates that it is a crystal-rich (less than 30% porosity) reservoir for which dynamic modelling favours channelized bubble escape that prevents instability8.

Suggested Citation

  • Chenglong Duan & Wenkai Song & Brandon Schmandt & Jamie Farrell & David Lumley & Tobias Fischer & Lindsay Lowe Worthington & Fan-Chi Lin, 2025. "A sharp volatile-rich cap to the Yellowstone magmatic system," Nature, Nature, vol. 640(8060), pages 962-966, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:640:y:2025:i:8060:d:10.1038_s41586-025-08775-9
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08775-9
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08775-9
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1038/s41586-025-08775-9?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:640:y:2025:i:8060:d:10.1038_s41586-025-08775-9. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.nature.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.