Author
Listed:
- Minzhao Liu
(JPMorganChase
Argonne National Laboratory
The University of Chicago)
- Ruslan Shaydulin
(JPMorganChase)
- Pradeep Niroula
(JPMorganChase)
- Matthew DeCross
(Quantinuum)
- Shih-Han Hung
(The University of Texas at Austin
National Taiwan University)
- Wen Yu Kon
(JPMorganChase)
- Enrique Cervero-Martín
(JPMorganChase)
- Kaushik Chakraborty
(JPMorganChase)
- Omar Amer
(JPMorganChase)
- Scott Aaronson
(The University of Texas at Austin)
- Atithi Acharya
(JPMorganChase)
- Yuri Alexeev
(Argonne National Laboratory
NIVIDA Corporation)
- K. Jordan Berg
(Quantinuum)
- Shouvanik Chakrabarti
(JPMorganChase)
- Florian J. Curchod
(Terrington House)
- Joan M. Dreiling
(Quantinuum)
- Neal Erickson
(Quantinuum)
- Cameron Foltz
(Quantinuum)
- Michael Foss-Feig
(Quantinuum)
- David Hayes
(Quantinuum)
- Travis S. Humble
(Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
- Niraj Kumar
(JPMorganChase)
- Jeffrey Larson
(Argonne National Laboratory)
- Danylo Lykov
(JPMorganChase
Argonne National Laboratory
NIVIDA Corporation)
- Michael Mills
(Quantinuum)
- Steven A. Moses
(Quantinuum)
- Brian Neyenhuis
(Quantinuum)
- Shaltiel Eloul
(JPMorganChase)
- Peter Siegfried
(Quantinuum)
- James Walker
(Quantinuum)
- Charles Lim
(JPMorganChase)
- Marco Pistoia
(JPMorganChase)
Abstract
Although quantum computers can perform a wide range of practically important tasks beyond the abilities of classical computers1,2, realizing this potential remains a challenge. An example is to use an untrusted remote device to generate random bits that can be certified to contain a certain amount of entropy3. Certified randomness has many applications but is impossible to achieve solely by classical computation. Here we demonstrate the generation of certifiably random bits using the 56-qubit Quantinuum H2-1 trapped-ion quantum computer accessed over the Internet. Our protocol leverages the classical hardness of recent random circuit sampling demonstrations4,5: a client generates quantum ‘challenge’ circuits using a small randomness seed, sends them to an untrusted quantum server to execute and verifies the results of the server. We analyse the security of our protocol against a restricted class of realistic near-term adversaries. Using classical verification with measured combined sustained performance of 1.1 × 1018 floating-point operations per second across multiple supercomputers, we certify 71,313 bits of entropy under this restricted adversary and additional assumptions. Our results demonstrate a step towards the practical applicability of present-day quantum computers.
Suggested Citation
Minzhao Liu & Ruslan Shaydulin & Pradeep Niroula & Matthew DeCross & Shih-Han Hung & Wen Yu Kon & Enrique Cervero-Martín & Kaushik Chakraborty & Omar Amer & Scott Aaronson & Atithi Acharya & Yuri Alex, 2025.
"Certified randomness using a trapped-ion quantum processor,"
Nature, Nature, vol. 640(8058), pages 343-348, April.
Handle:
RePEc:nat:nature:v:640:y:2025:i:8058:d:10.1038_s41586-025-08737-1
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08737-1
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