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SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development

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  • Florian Krammer

    (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in late 2019 in China and is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To mitigate the effects of the virus on public health, the economy and society, a vaccine is urgently needed. Here I review the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Development was initiated when the genetic sequence of the virus became available in early January 2020, and has moved at an unprecedented speed: a phase I trial started in March 2020 and there are currently more than 180 vaccines at various stages of development. Data from phase I and phase II trials are already available for several vaccine candidates, and many have moved into phase III trials. The data available so far suggest that effective and safe vaccines might become available within months, rather than years.

Suggested Citation

  • Florian Krammer, 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development," Nature, Nature, vol. 586(7830), pages 516-527, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:586:y:2020:i:7830:d:10.1038_s41586-020-2798-3
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3
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    Cited by:

    1. Charles B. Stauft & Prabhuanand Selvaraj & Felice D’Agnillo & Clement A. Meseda & Shufeng Liu & Cyntia L. Pedro & Kotou Sangare & Christopher Z. Lien & Jerry P. Weir & Matthew F. Starost & Tony T. Wan, 2023. "Intranasal or airborne transmission-mediated delivery of an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 protects Syrian hamsters against new variants," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, December.
    2. Shufeng Liu & Charles B. Stauft & Prabhuanand Selvaraj & Prabha Chandrasekaran & Felice D’Agnillo & Chao-Kai Chou & Wells W. Wu & Christopher Z. Lien & Clement A. Meseda & Cyntia L. Pedro & Matthew F., 2022. "Intranasal delivery of a rationally attenuated SARS-CoV-2 is immunogenic and protective in Syrian hamsters," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Jiang, Peng & Fan, Yee Van & Bokhari, Awais & Wang, Xue-Chao, 2021. "COVID-19 pandemics Stage II – Energy and environmental impacts of vaccination," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    4. Stephen Duckett, 2022. "Public Health Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia: The Role of the Morrison Government," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1, August.
    5. Rui Yin & Johnathan D Guest & Ghazaleh Taherzadeh & Ragul Gowthaman & Ipsa Mittra & Jane Quackenbush & Brian G Pierce, 2021. "Structural and energetic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain antibody recognition and the impact of circulating variants," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(9), pages 1-23, September.
    6. Gang Ye & Bin Liu & Fang Li, 2022. "Cryo-EM structure of a SARS-CoV-2 omicron spike protein ectodomain," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-7, December.
    7. Piñeiro-Chousa, Juan & López-Cabarcos, M. Ángeles & Quiñoá-Piñeiro, Lara & Pérez-Pico, Ada M., 2022. "US biopharmaceutical companies' stock market reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the concept of the ‘paradoxical spiral’ from a sustainability perspective," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    8. Timothy J. C. Tan & Zongjun Mou & Ruipeng Lei & Wenhao O. Ouyang & Meng Yuan & Ge Song & Raiees Andrabi & Ian A. Wilson & Collin Kieffer & Xinghong Dai & Kenneth A. Matreyek & Nicholas C. Wu, 2023. "High-throughput identification of prefusion-stabilizing mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    9. Tang, Lianhua & Li, Yantong & Bai, Danyu & Liu, Tao & Coelho, Leandro C., 2022. "Bi-objective optimization for a multi-period COVID-19 vaccination planning problem," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    10. Sun Jin Kim & Zhong Yao & Morgan C. Marsh & Debra M. Eckert & Michael S. Kay & Anna Lyakisheva & Maria Pasic & Aiyush Bansal & Chaim Birnboim & Prabhat Jha & Yannick Galipeau & Marc-André Langlois & J, 2022. "Homogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    11. Fulvio Lauretani & Marco Salvi & Irene Zucchini & Crescenzo Testa & Chiara Cattabiani & Arianna Arisi & Marcello Maggio, 2023. "Relationship between Vitamin D and Immunity in Older People with COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-19, April.
    12. Anneliese S. Ashhurst & Matt D. Johansen & Joshua W. C. Maxwell & Skye Stockdale & Caroline L. Ashley & Anupriya Aggarwal & Rezwan Siddiquee & Stefan Miemczyk & Duc H. Nguyen & Joel P. Mackay & Claudi, 2022. "Mucosal TLR2-activating protein-based vaccination induces potent pulmonary immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.
    13. Anahita Fathi & Christine Dahlke & Verena Krähling & Alexandra Kupke & Nisreen M. A. Okba & Matthijs P. Raadsen & Jasmin Heidepriem & Marcel A. Müller & Grigori Paris & Susan Lassen & Michael Klüver &, 2022. "Increased neutralization and IgG epitope identification after MVA-MERS-S booster vaccination against Middle East respiratory syndrome," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    14. See Ming Lim & Hwang Ching Chan & Amelia Santosa & Swee Chye Quek & Eugene Hern Choon Liu & Jyoti Somani, 2022. "Role of Occupational Health Services in Planning and Implementing of Staff COVID-19 Vaccination Clinic: A Tertiary Hospital Experience in Singapore," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-10, October.
    15. José Laerte Boechat & Gustavo Falbo Wandalsen & Fabio Chigres Kuschnir & Luís Delgado, 2021. "COVID-19 and Pediatric Asthma: Clinical and Management Challenges," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-18, January.
    16. Abdulaziz Alhazmi & Edrous Alamer & Siddig Abdelwahab & Nizar Khamjan & Abdullah Hamami & Moayad Haddad & Majid Darraj & Anwar M. Hashem & Abdullah Algaissi, 2021. "Community-Based Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies following the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-9, November.
    17. Laura Pérez-Alós & Cecilie Bo Hansen & Jose Juan Almagro Armenteros & Johannes Roth Madsen & Line Dam Heftdal & Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch & Mia Marie Pries-Heje & Rafael Bayarri-Olmos & Ida Jarlhelt & Seb, 2023. "Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, December.
    18. Phanramphoei N. Frantz & Aleksandr Barinov & Claude Ruffié & Chantal Combredet & Valérie Najburg & Guilherme Dias de Melo & Florence Larrous & Lauriane Kergoat & Samaporn Teeravechyan & Anan Jongkaeww, 2021. "A live measles-vectored COVID-19 vaccine induces strong immunity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice and hamsters," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, December.
    19. Andersson, Ola & Campos-Mercade, Pol & Meier, Armando N. & Wengström, Erik, 2021. "Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    20. Alfredo Córdova-Martínez & Alberto Caballero-García & Enrique Roche & David C. Noriega, 2021. "β-Glucans Could Be Adjuvants for SARS-CoV-2 Virus Vaccines (COVID-19)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-13, November.
    21. Matthias Reinscheid & Hendrik Luxenburger & Vivien Karl & Anne Graeser & Sebastian Giese & Kevin Ciminski & David B. Reeg & Valerie Oberhardt & Natascha Roehlen & Julia Lang-Meli & Kathrin Heim & Nina, 2022. "COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.
    22. Carlos Ávila-Nieto & Júlia Vergara-Alert & Pep Amengual-Rigo & Erola Ainsua-Enrich & Marco Brustolin & María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción & Núria Pedreño-Lopez & Jordi Rodon & Victor Urrea & Edwar, 2024. "Immunization with V987H-stabilized Spike glycoprotein protects K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters upon SARS-CoV-2 infection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-18, December.

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