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A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects

Author

Listed:
  • A. A. Abdo

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.
    National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, USA.)

  • M. Ackermann

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • M. Ajello

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • K. Asano

    (Department of Physics,
    Interactive Research Center of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.)

  • W. B. Atwood

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • M. Axelsson

    (Stockholm University
    The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics,)

  • L. Baldini

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • J. Ballet

    (Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.)

  • G. Barbiellini

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste,
    Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.)

  • M. G. Baring

    (Rice University, MS-108, P. O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.)

  • D. Bastieri

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova,
    Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.)

  • K. Bechtol

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • R. Bellazzini

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • B. Berenji

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • P. N. Bhat

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • E. Bissaldi

    (Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany.)

  • E. D. Bloom

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • E. Bonamente

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • J. Bonnell

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
    University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.)

  • A. W. Borgland

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • A. Bouvier

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. Bregeon

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • A. Brez

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • M. S. Briggs

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • M. Brigida

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • P. Bruel

    (Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.)

  • J. M. Burgess

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • T. H. Burnett

    (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA.)

  • G. A. Caliandro

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • R. A. Cameron

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • P. A. Caraveo

    (INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy.)

  • J. M. Casandjian

    (Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.)

  • C. Cecchi

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • Ö. Çelik

    (Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST),
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
    University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.)

  • V. Chaplin

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • E. Charles

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • C. C. Cheung

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.
    National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, USA.
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • J. Chiang

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • S. Ciprini

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • R. Claus

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. Cohen-Tanugi

    (Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.)

  • L. R. Cominsky

    (Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928-3609, USA.)

  • V. Connaughton

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • J. Conrad

    (The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics,
    Department of Physics,)

  • S. Cutini

    (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy.)

  • C. D. Dermer

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.)

  • A. de Angelis

    (Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy.)

  • F. de Palma

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • S. W. Digel

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • B. L. Dingus

    (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.)

  • E. do Couto e Silva

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • P. S. Drell

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • R. Dubois

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • D. Dumora

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • C. Farnier

    (Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.)

  • C. Favuzzi

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • S. J. Fegan

    (Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.)

  • J. Finke

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.
    National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, USA.)

  • G. Fishman

    (Space Science Office, VP62, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA.)

  • W. B. Focke

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • L. Foschini

    (INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, I-23807 Merate, Italy.)

  • Y. Fukazawa

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • S. Funk

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • P. Fusco

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • F. Gargano

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • D. Gasparrini

    (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy.)

  • N. Gehrels

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
    University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.)

  • S. Germani

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • L. Gibby

    (Jacobs Technology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA.)

  • B. Giebels

    (Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.)

  • N. Giglietto

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • F. Giordano

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • T. Glanzman

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • G. Godfrey

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. Granot

    (Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.)

  • J. Greiner

    (Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany.)

  • I. A. Grenier

    (Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.)

  • M.-H. Grondin

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • J. E. Grove

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.)

  • D. Grupe

    (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.)

  • L. Guillemot

    (Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany.)

  • S. Guiriec

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • Y. Hanabata

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • A. K. Harding

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • M. Hayashida

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • E. Hays

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • E. A. Hoversten

    (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.)

  • R. E. Hughes

    (Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.)

  • G. Jóhannesson

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • A. S. Johnson

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • R. P. Johnson

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • W. N. Johnson

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.)

  • T. Kamae

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • H. Katagiri

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • J. Kataoka

    (Department of Physics,
    Waseda University, 1-104 Totsukamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.)

  • N. Kawai

    (Department of Physics,
    Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.)

  • M. Kerr

    (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA.)

  • R. M. Kippen

    (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.)

  • J. Knödlseder

    (Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse cedex 4, France.)

  • D. Kocevski

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • C. Kouveliotou

    (Space Science Office, VP62, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA.)

  • F. Kuehn

    (Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.)

  • M. Kuss

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • J. Lande

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • L. Latronico

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • M. Lemoine-Goumard

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • F. Longo

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste,
    Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.)

  • F. Loparco

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • B. Lott

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • M. N. Lovellette

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.)

  • P. Lubrano

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • G. M. Madejski

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • A. Makeev

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.
    George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA.)

  • M. N. Mazziotta

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • S. McBreen

    (Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany.
    University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.)

  • J. E. McEnery

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • S. McGlynn

    (The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics,
    Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.)

  • P. Mészáros

    (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.)

  • C. Meurer

    (The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics,
    Department of Physics,)

  • P. F. Michelson

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • W. Mitthumsiri

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • T. Mizuno

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • A. A. Moiseev

    (Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST),
    University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.)

  • C. Monte

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • M. E. Monzani

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • E. Moretti

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste,
    Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.)

  • A. Morselli

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”,)

  • I. V. Moskalenko

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • S. Murgia

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • T. Nakamori

    (Department of Physics,)

  • P. L. Nolan

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. P. Norris

    (University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA.)

  • E. Nuss

    (Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.)

  • M. Ohno

    (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan.)

  • T. Ohsugi

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • N. Omodei

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • E. Orlando

    (Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany.)

  • J. F. Ormes

    (University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA.)

  • M. Ozaki

    (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan.)

  • W. S. Paciesas

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • D. Paneque

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. H. Panetta

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • D. Parent

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • V. Pelassa

    (Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.)

  • M. Pepe

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • M. Pesce-Rollins

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • V. Petrosian

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • F. Piron

    (Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.)

  • T. A. Porter

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • R. Preece

    (CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • S. Rainò

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • E. Ramirez-Ruiz

    (UCO/Lick Observatories, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.)

  • R. Rando

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova,
    Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.)

  • M. Razzano

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • S. Razzaque

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.
    National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, USA.)

  • A. Reimer

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
    Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.)

  • O. Reimer

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
    Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.)

  • T. Reposeur

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • S. Ritz

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • L. S. Rochester

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • A. Y. Rodriguez

    (Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.)

  • M. Roth

    (University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA.)

  • F. Ryde

    (The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics,
    Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.)

  • H. F.-W. Sadrozinski

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • D. Sanchez

    (Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.)

  • A. Sander

    (Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.)

  • P. M. Saz Parkinson

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • J. D. Scargle

    (NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA.)

  • T. L. Schalk

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

  • C. Sgrò

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • E. J. Siskind

    (NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA.)

  • D. A. Smith

    (Université de Bordeaux and CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France.)

  • P. D. Smith

    (Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.)

  • G. Spandre

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.)

  • P. Spinelli

    (Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari,
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy.)

  • M. Stamatikos

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
    Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.)

  • F. W. Stecker

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • M. S. Strickman

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.)

  • D. J. Suson

    (Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323-2094, USA.)

  • H. Tajima

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • H. Takahashi

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • T. Takahashi

    (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan.)

  • T. Tanaka

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. B. Thayer

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • J. G. Thayer

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • D. J. Thompson

    (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • L. Tibaldo

    (Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova,
    Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.)

  • K. Toma

    (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.)

  • D. F. Torres

    (Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.)

  • G. Tosti

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia,
    Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.)

  • E. Troja

    (Department of Physics,
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.)

  • Y. Uchiyama

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan.)

  • T. Uehara

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • T. L. Usher

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • A. J. van der Horst

    (Space Science Office, VP62, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA.)

  • V. Vasileiou

    (Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST),
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
    University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.)

  • N. Vilchez

    (Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse cedex 4, France.)

  • V. Vitale

    (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”,
    Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Roma, Italy.)

  • A. von Kienlin

    (Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany.)

  • A. P. Waite

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • P. Wang

    (W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.)

  • C. Wilson-Hodge

    (Space Science Office, VP62, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA.)

  • B. L. Winer

    (Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.)

  • K. S. Wood

    (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.)

  • X. F. Wu

    (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
    Joint Center for Particle Nuclear Physics and Cosmology (J-CPNPC),
    Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.)

  • R. Yamazaki

    (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.)

  • T. Ylinen

    (The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics,
    Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
    School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.)

  • M. Ziegler

    (Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz)

Abstract

GRB 090510: a test for special relativity Observations of the distant and short γ-ray burst GRB 090510 with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have provided an opportunity to test a central prediction of Einstein's special theory of relativity — the Lorentz invariance. This holds that all observers measure exactly the same speed of light in a vacuum, independent of photon energy. A key test of the violation of Lorentz invariance is a possible variation of photon speed with energy. Accumulated over cosmological light-travel times, even a tiny variation in photon speed should become observable — as for instance sharp features in the light curve of a γ-ray burst. No evidence for the violation of Lorentz invariance was found in the GRB 090510 spectrum, at least down to a limit of the Planck length divided by 1.2. This argues against quantum-gravity theories where the quantum nature of space–time linearly alters the speed of light with photon energy.

Suggested Citation

  • A. A. Abdo & M. Ackermann & M. Ajello & K. Asano & W. B. Atwood & M. Axelsson & L. Baldini & J. Ballet & G. Barbiellini & M. G. Baring & D. Bastieri & K. Bechtol & R. Bellazzini & B. Berenji & P. N. B, 2009. "A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects," Nature, Nature, vol. 462(7271), pages 331-334, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:462:y:2009:i:7271:d:10.1038_nature08574
    DOI: 10.1038/nature08574
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