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The genome of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni

Author

Listed:
  • Matthew Berriman

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Brian J. Haas

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Philip T. LoVerde

    (Mail Code 7760, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA)

  • R. Alan Wilson

    (University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK)

  • Gary P. Dillon

    (University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK)

  • Gustavo C. Cerqueira

    (Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics,
    Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and,
    Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA)

  • Susan T. Mashiyama

    (Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases,
    California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3), Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-2330, USA)

  • Bissan Al-Lazikani

    (Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK)

  • Luiza F. Andrade

    (Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR)—FIOCRUZ, Av Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190002, Brazil)

  • Peter D. Ashton

    (Mail Code 7760, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA)

  • Martin A. Aslett

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Daniella C. Bartholomeu

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Gaelle Blandin

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA)

  • Conor R. Caffrey

    (Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases,)

  • Avril Coghlan

    (University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland)

  • Richard Coulson

    (European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK)

  • Tim A. Day

    (Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA)

  • Art Delcher

    (Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and,)

  • Ricardo DeMarco

    (University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
    Instituto de Química,
    Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil)

  • Appolinaire Djikeng

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA)

  • Tina Eyre

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • John A. Gamble

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Elodie Ghedin

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Yong Gu

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Christiane Hertz-Fowler

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Hirohisha Hirai

    (Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484–8506, Japan)

  • Yuriko Hirai

    (Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484–8506, Japan)

  • Robin Houston

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Alasdair Ivens

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • David A. Johnston

    (The Natural History Museum
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Daniela Lacerda

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Camila D. Macedo

    (Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics,
    Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA)

  • Paul McVeigh

    (Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA)

  • Zemin Ning

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Guilherme Oliveira

    (Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR)—FIOCRUZ, Av Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190002, Brazil)

  • John P. Overington

    (European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK)

  • Julian Parkhill

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Mihaela Pertea

    (Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and,)

  • Raymond J. Pierce

    (Inserm, U 547, Université Lille 2, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR 142, Lille, France)

  • Anna V. Protasio

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Michael A. Quail

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Marie-Adèle Rajandream

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Jane Rogers

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Mohammed Sajid

    (Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases,
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Steven L. Salzberg

    (Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and,
    Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA)

  • Mario Stanke

    (Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, Göttingen 37077, Germany)

  • Adrian R. Tivey

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Owen White

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • David L. Williams

    (Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4120, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Jennifer Wortman

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Wenjie Wu

    (Mail Code 7760, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Mostafa Zamanian

    (Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA)

  • Adhemar Zerlotini

    (Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK)

  • Claire M. Fraser-Liggett

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Present addresses: The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA (B.J.H.); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (D.C.B. and D.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA (E.G.); Fios Genomics Ltd, ETTC, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (A.I.); Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK (D.A.J.); John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK (J.R.); Leiden University Medical Centre, Parasitologie, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands (M.S.); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA (O.W., J.W. and C.M.F.-L.); Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA (D.L.W.); Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA (W.W.); Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (W.W.).)

  • Barclay G. Barrell

    (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute,)

  • Najib M. El-Sayed

    (The Institute for Genomic Research/The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics,
    Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and,
    Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA)

Abstract

Schistosoma mansoni is responsible for the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis that affects 210 million people in 76 countries. Here we present analysis of the 363 megabase nuclear genome of the blood fluke. It encodes at least 11,809 genes, with an unusual intron size distribution, and new families of micro-exon genes that undergo frequent alternative splicing. As the first sequenced flatworm, and a representative of the Lophotrochozoa, it offers insights into early events in the evolution of the animals, including the development of a body pattern with bilateral symmetry, and the development of tissues into organs. Our analysis has been informed by the need to find new drug targets. The deficits in lipid metabolism that make schistosomes dependent on the host are revealed, and the identification of membrane receptors, ion channels and more than 300 proteases provide new insights into the biology of the life cycle and new targets. Bioinformatics approaches have identified metabolic chokepoints, and a chemogenomic screen has pinpointed schistosome proteins for which existing drugs may be active. The information generated provides an invaluable resource for the research community to develop much needed new control tools for the treatment and eradication of this important and neglected disease.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew Berriman & Brian J. Haas & Philip T. LoVerde & R. Alan Wilson & Gary P. Dillon & Gustavo C. Cerqueira & Susan T. Mashiyama & Bissan Al-Lazikani & Luiza F. Andrade & Peter D. Ashton & Martin A., 2009. "The genome of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni," Nature, Nature, vol. 460(7253), pages 352-358, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:460:y:2009:i:7253:d:10.1038_nature08160
    DOI: 10.1038/nature08160
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