Magnani et al. reply

Replying to: A. De Schrijver et al. Nature 451, 10.1038/nature06578 ; W. de Vries et al. Nature 451, 10.1038/nature06579 (2008) Nitrogen (N) deposition alters ecosystem function in several ways, with important effects on N leaching and water quality, as well as on interspecific competition and biodiversity. These changes have been attributed to ecosystem N saturation, defined as the alleviation of N limitations on rates of biological function1. After an initial fertilization effect, N saturation has also been suggested to reduce plant function and growth2, eventually leading to forest dieback. Although our observation of a substantial positive effect of N deposition on forest carbon (C) sequestration3 does not imply the absence of nitrate losses or other negative effects, as rightly stressed by De Schrijver et al. 4, the sustained response observed demonstrates that the fear of a generalized forest decline in response to N fertilization could be overstated, at least within the rather broad N deposition range explored in our analysis. The nature of the observed response of forest C sequestration to N deposition, however, has been questioned outright by de Vries et al. 5, who suggested that it could be an artefact resulting from the covariation between N deposition and other environmental variables. The arguments proposed against an overwhelming N effect, however, do not seem to stand up to close scrutiny.