Author
Listed:
- Mingke Yu
(University of Southern California)
- Ping Wu
(University of Southern California)
- Randall B. Widelitz
(University of Southern California)
- Cheng-Ming Chuong
(University of Southern California)
Abstract
Feathers are highly ordered, hierarchical branched structures1,2 that confer birds with the ability of flight3,4,5. Discoveries of fossilized dinosaurs in China bearing ‘feather-like’ structures have prompted interest in the origin and evolution of feathers6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. However, there is uncertainty about whether the irregularly branched integumentary fibres on dinosaurs such as Sinornithosaurus are truly feathers11, and whether an integumentary appendage with a major central shaft and notched edges is a non-avian feather or a proto-feather8,9,10. Here, we use a developmental approach to analyse molecular mechanisms in feather-branching morphogenesis. We have used the replication-competent avian sarcoma retrovirus15 to deliver exogenous genes to regenerating flight feather follicles of chickens. We show that the antagonistic balance between noggin and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a critical role in feather branching, with BMP4 promoting rachis formation and barb fusion, and noggin enhancing rachis and barb branching. Furthermore, we show that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for inducing apoptosis of the marginal plate epithelia, which results in spaces between barbs. Our analyses identify the molecular pathways underlying the topological transformation of feathers from cylindrical epithelia to the hierarchical branched structures, and provide insights on the possible developmental mechanisms in the evolution of feather forms.
Suggested Citation
Mingke Yu & Ping Wu & Randall B. Widelitz & Cheng-Ming Chuong, 2002.
"The morphogenesis of feathers,"
Nature, Nature, vol. 420(6913), pages 308-312, November.
Handle:
RePEc:nat:nature:v:420:y:2002:i:6913:d:10.1038_nature01196
DOI: 10.1038/nature01196
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