Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA

Two small RNAs regulate the timing of Caenorhabditis elegans development1,2. Transition from the first to the second larval stage fates requires the 22-nucleotide lin-4 RNA1,3,4, and transition from late larval to adult cell fates requires the 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA2. The lin-4 and let-7 RNA genes are not homologous to each other, but are each complementary to sequences in the 3′ untranslated regions of a set of protein-coding target genes that are normally negatively regulated by the RNAs1,2,5,6. Here we have detected let-7 RNAs of ∼21 nucleotides in samples from a wide range of animal species, including vertebrate, ascidian, hemichordate, mollusc, annelid and arthropod, but not in RNAs from several cnidarian and poriferan species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli or Arabidopsis. We did not detect lin-4 RNA in these species. We found that let-7 temporal regulation is also conserved: let-7 RNA expression is first detected at late larval stages in C. elegans and Drosophila , at 48 hours after fertilization in zebrafish, and in adult stages of annelids and molluscs. The let-7 regulatory RNA may control late temporal transitions during development across animal phylogeny.