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The synergy of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory for optimized learning

Author

Listed:
  • Liye Zou

    (Shenzhen University
    Nanjing Sport University
    East Normal China University)

  • Zhihao Zhang

    (Shenzhen University)

  • Myrto Mavilidi

    (University of Wollongong
    Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child
    University of Limassol)

  • Yanxia Chen

    (Shenzhen University
    Shanghai Jiaotong University)

  • Fabian Herold

    (University of Potsdam)

  • Kim Ouwehand

    (Erasmus University Rotterdam)

  • Fred Paas

    (Erasmus University Rotterdam
    University of New South Wales)

Abstract

The integration of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory offers a promising framework for advancing educational practices. Cognitive load theory emphasizes the constraints of working memory and the importance of managing cognitive load through effective instructional design. Embodied cognition highlights the role of physical actions, such as gestures, object manipulation and whole-body activities, in enhancing cognitive processes. This Review highlights the importance of bridging these frameworks by exploring their theoretical foundations and synthesizing empirical evidence on the benefits of physical actions in learning. Here we present the introduction of the relevance–integration taxonomy as a transformative advancement in embodied cognition research, offering new perspectives for educational interventions. Additionally, we identify current gaps in cognitive load theory applications and propose future research directions to unify these approaches, aiming to optimize learning outcomes across diverse educational settings. This work has broad implications for advancing evidence-based instructional design.

Suggested Citation

  • Liye Zou & Zhihao Zhang & Myrto Mavilidi & Yanxia Chen & Fabian Herold & Kim Ouwehand & Fred Paas, 2025. "The synergy of embodied cognition and cognitive load theory for optimized learning," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 9(5), pages 877-885, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nathum:v:9:y:2025:i:5:d:10.1038_s41562-025-02152-2
    DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02152-2
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