Carrier management through electrode and electron-selective layer engineering for 10.70% efficiency antimony selenosulfide solar cells

Antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3) solar cells suffer from charge carrier loss, which has limited the power conversion efficiency to around 10%. Here we develop a charge carrier management strategy using a textured fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate as the front contact to enhance light scattering and maximize charge generation. To overcome voids and shunt paths introduced by the textured surface, we insert a SnO2 layer by atomic layer deposition at the textured fluorine-doped tin oxide/CdS interface. This results in a conformal deposition of CdS and an optimal bandgap profile in the Sb2(S,Se)3 absorber, which improves charge transport and lowers charge recombination at the interface and in the bulk, respectively. We achieve a certified efficiency of 10.70% sodium selenosulfate-based Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells with excellent stability. We prove the generality of the method demonstrating selenourea-based Sb2(S,Se)3 and upscaling the solar cells to 1 cm2. The results represent a step forward in the development of antimony-based solar cells.