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Aromatic interaction-driven out-of-plane orientation for inverted perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency

Author

Listed:
  • Qisen Zhou

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
    Optics Valley Laboratory)

  • Guoyu Huang

    (Beijing University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Jianan Wang

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Tianyin Miao

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Rui Chen

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Xia Lei

    (Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
    Southern University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Erxiang Xu

    (Tsinghua University, State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Sanwan Liu

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • He Zhu

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Zhengtian Tan

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Chenyang Shi

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Xiaoxuan Liu

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics)

  • Qianqian Wang

    (Beijing Institute of Technology, Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Jingbai Li

    (Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
    Southern University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Yihua Chen

    (Beijing Institute of Technology, Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Qi Chen

    (Beijing Institute of Technology, Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Yang Shen

    (Tsinghua University, State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Manling Sui

    (Beijing University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Yue Lu

    (Beijing University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science and Engineering)

  • Zonghao Liu

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
    Optics Valley Laboratory)

  • Wei Chen

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
    Optics Valley Laboratory)

Abstract

Formamidinium and caesium metal halide perovskites enable high efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells, but uncontrolled crystallization limits their performance. Here we regulate the nucleation and growth of the perovskite through aromatic interactions between naphthalene ammonium salts and naphthalenesulfonates. The ammonium groups of the naphthalene ammonium salts occupy the formamidinium site, while the sulfonate groups of the naphthalenesulfonates coordinate with lead ions. Their naphthalene moieties form tight aromatic stacking adjacent to the [PbI6]4− octahedra. These interactions promote ordered out-of-plane crystallization along the (100) plane, enhancing defect passivation and carrier transport. We achieve a power conversion efficiency of 27.02% (certified 26.88%) for inverted solar cells. Encapsulated devices retain 98.2% of their initial efficiency after 2,000 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination in ambient air. Furthermore, we demonstrate a certified steady-state efficiency of 23.18% for inverted mini-modules with an aperture area of 11.09 cm2 and a certified efficiency of 29.07% for all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

Suggested Citation

  • Qisen Zhou & Guoyu Huang & Jianan Wang & Tianyin Miao & Rui Chen & Xia Lei & Erxiang Xu & Sanwan Liu & He Zhu & Zhengtian Tan & Chenyang Shi & Xiaoxuan Liu & Qianqian Wang & Jingbai Li & Yihua Chen & , 2025. "Aromatic interaction-driven out-of-plane orientation for inverted perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 10(11), pages 1371-1381, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natene:v:10:y:2025:i:11:d:10.1038_s41560-025-01882-x
    DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01882-x
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