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Low irradiance multiphoton imaging with alloyed lanthanide nanocrystals

Author

Listed:
  • Bining Tian

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Angel Fernandez-Bravo

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Hossein Najafiaghdam

    (University of California, Berkeley)

  • Nicole A. Torquato

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
    University of California, San Francisco)

  • M. Virginia P. Altoe

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Ayelet Teitelboim

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Cheryl A. Tajon

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Yue Tian

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Nicholas J. Borys

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Edward S. Barnard

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Mekhail Anwar

    (University of California, San Francisco)

  • Emory M. Chan

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • P. James Schuck

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
    Columbia University)

  • Bruce E. Cohen

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Abstract

Multiphoton imaging techniques that convert low-energy excitation to higher energy emission are widely used to improve signal over background, reduce scatter, and limit photodamage. Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are among the most efficient multiphoton probes, but even UCNPs with optimized lanthanide dopant levels require laser intensities that may be problematic. Here, we develop protein-sized, alloyed UCNPs (aUCNPs) that can be imaged individually at laser intensities >300-fold lower than needed for comparably sized doped UCNPs. Using single UCNP characterization and kinetic modeling, we find that addition of inert shells changes optimal lanthanide content from Yb3+, Er3+-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals to fully alloyed compositions. At high levels, emitter Er3+ ions can adopt a second role to enhance aUCNP absorption cross-section by desaturating sensitizer Yb3+ or by absorbing photons directly. Core/shell aUCNPs 12 nm in total diameter can be imaged through deep tissue in live mice using a laser intensity of 0.1 W cm−2.

Suggested Citation

  • Bining Tian & Angel Fernandez-Bravo & Hossein Najafiaghdam & Nicole A. Torquato & M. Virginia P. Altoe & Ayelet Teitelboim & Cheryl A. Tajon & Yue Tian & Nicholas J. Borys & Edward S. Barnard & Mekhai, 2018. "Low irradiance multiphoton imaging with alloyed lanthanide nanocrystals," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-8, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:9:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-018-05577-8
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05577-8
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