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The Glanville fritillary genome retains an ancient karyotype and reveals selective chromosomal fusions in Lepidoptera

Author

Listed:
  • Virpi Ahola

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Rainer Lehtonen

    (University of Helsinki
    Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki
    Center of Excellence in Cancer Genetics, University of Helsinki)

  • Panu Somervuo

    (University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Leena Salmela

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Patrik Koskinen

    (University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Pasi Rastas

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Niko Välimäki

    (Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki)

  • Lars Paulin

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Jouni Kvist

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Niklas Wahlberg

    (University of Turku)

  • Jaakko Tanskanen

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
    Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland)

  • Emily A. Hornett

    (University of Cambridge
    Pennsylvania State University)

  • Laura C. Ferguson

    (University of Oxford)

  • Shiqi Luo

    (College of Life Sciences, Peking University)

  • Zijuan Cao

    (College of Life Sciences, Peking University)

  • Maaike A. de Jong

    (University of Helsinki
    School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol)

  • Anne Duplouy

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Olli-Pekka Smolander

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Heiko Vogel

    (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology)

  • Rajiv C. McCoy

    (Stanford University)

  • Kui Qian

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Wong Swee Chong

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Qin Zhang

    (BioMediTech, University of Tampere)

  • Freed Ahmad

    (University of Turku)

  • Jani K. Haukka

    (BioMediTech, University of Tampere)

  • Aruj Joshi

    (BioMediTech, University of Tampere)

  • Jarkko Salojärvi

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Christopher W. Wheat

    (Stockholm University)

  • Ewald Grosse-Wilde

    (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology)

  • Daniel Hughes

    (European Bioinformatics Institute
    Baylor College of Medicine, Human Genome Sequencing Center)

  • Riku Katainen

    (Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki)

  • Esa Pitkänen

    (Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki)

  • Johannes Ylinen

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Robert M. Waterhouse

    (University of Geneva Medical School & Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
    Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard)

  • Mikko Turunen

    (Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki)

  • Anna Vähärautio

    (Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
    University of Helsinki
    Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet)

  • Sami P. Ojanen

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Alan H. Schulman

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
    Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland)

  • Minna Taipale

    (Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
    Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet)

  • Daniel Lawson

    (European Bioinformatics Institute)

  • Esko Ukkonen

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Veli Mäkinen

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Marian R. Goldsmith

    (University of Rhode Island)

  • Liisa Holm

    (University of Helsinki
    Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Petri Auvinen

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Mikko J. Frilander

    (Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki)

  • Ilkka Hanski

    (University of Helsinki)

Abstract

Previous studies have reported that chromosome synteny in Lepidoptera has been well conserved, yet the number of haploid chromosomes varies widely from 5 to 223. Here we report the genome (393 Mb) of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia; Nymphalidae), a widely recognized model species in metapopulation biology and eco-evolutionary research, which has the putative ancestral karyotype of n=31. Using a phylogenetic analyses of Nymphalidae and of other Lepidoptera, combined with orthologue-level comparisons of chromosomes, we conclude that the ancestral lepidopteran karyotype has been n=31 for at least 140 My. We show that fusion chromosomes have retained the ancestral chromosome segments and very few rearrangements have occurred across the fusion sites. The same, shortest ancestral chromosomes have independently participated in fusion events in species with smaller karyotypes. The short chromosomes have higher rearrangement rate than long ones. These characteristics highlight distinctive features of the evolutionary dynamics of butterflies and moths.

Suggested Citation

  • Virpi Ahola & Rainer Lehtonen & Panu Somervuo & Leena Salmela & Patrik Koskinen & Pasi Rastas & Niko Välimäki & Lars Paulin & Jouni Kvist & Niklas Wahlberg & Jaakko Tanskanen & Emily A. Hornett & Laur, 2014. "The Glanville fritillary genome retains an ancient karyotype and reveals selective chromosomal fusions in Lepidoptera," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 5(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:5:y:2014:i:1:d:10.1038_ncomms5737
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5737
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