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The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin

Author

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  • Teruaki Nakatsuji

    (University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA
    VA San Diego Healthcare Center)

  • Hsin-I. Chiang

    (University of California
    National Chung Hsing University)

  • Shangi B. Jiang

    (University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA)

  • Harish Nagarajan

    (University of California)

  • Karsten Zengler

    (University of California)

  • Richard L. Gallo

    (University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA
    VA San Diego Healthcare Center)

Abstract

Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile.

Suggested Citation

  • Teruaki Nakatsuji & Hsin-I. Chiang & Shangi B. Jiang & Harish Nagarajan & Karsten Zengler & Richard L. Gallo, 2013. "The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 4(1), pages 1-8, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:4:y:2013:i:1:d:10.1038_ncomms2441
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2441
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