Itaconate transport across the plasma membrane and Salmonella-containing vacuole via MCT1/4 modulates macrophage antibacterial activity

Itaconate accumulates in macrophages upon bacterial infection, and manifests antibacterial activity. Convincing evidence substantiates that itaconate is transported across the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane, but the molecular bases underlying bidirectional transport of itaconate across membranes and its effects on intracellular bacterial replication are less known. Here, we identify MCT1 and MCT4 as bidirectional transporters of itaconate. In addition to modulating itaconate concentration as transporters at the plasma membrane, MCT1 and MCT4 function as itaconate transporters at Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Upon Salmonella infection, MCT1 and MCT4 transport itaconate into SCV facilitated by RAB32. Itaconate is also secreted out of cells through MCT1 and MCT4 as the infection persists. The suppression of MCT1 and MCT4-dependent itaconate secretion increases the overall concentration of itaconate and the proportion of itaconate-targeted Salmonella intracellularly, consequently inhibiting Salmonella replication. Our study thus offers valuable insights into itaconate transport during bacterial infection and provides proof of principle for the development of itaconate-dependent therapeutic strategies.