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Wearable disposable electrotherapy

Author

Listed:
  • Mohamad FallahRad

    (The City College of New York)

  • Kyle Donnery

    (The City College of New York)

  • Mojtaba Belali Koochesfahani

    (The City College of New York)

  • Zeeshan Chaudhry

    (The City College of New York)

  • Rayyan Bhuiyan

    (The City College of New York)

  • Benjamin Babaev

    (The City College of New York)

  • Matthew Saw

    (The City College of New York)

  • Tiffany Liu

    (The City College of New York)

  • Miguel R. Diaz Uraga

    (The City College of New York)

  • Mahdi Zaman

    (The City College of New York)

  • Kisholoy Saha

    (The City College of New York)

  • Osvaldo Velarde

    (The City College of New York)

  • Ayman Rddad

    (The City College of New York)

  • Niranjan Khadka

    (The City College of New York)

  • Myesha Thahsin

    (The City College of New York)

  • Alexander Couzis

    (The City College of New York)

  • Marom Bikson

    (The City College of New York)

Abstract

We design and validate an electrotherapy platform without electronic components, using printed, abundant, environmentally benign materials. Whereas existing electrotherapy devices use an independent power source and electronics to generate and control stimulation currents, our design eliminates the need for these components. Device production relies only on scalable additive manufacturing and common materials, minimizing cost and environmental impact. The disposable single-use platform (as discreet as adhesive bandages) is activated simply by placement on the body. A prescribed electrotherapy dose is regulated by a flexible 3D electrochemical architecture tailored to each application by a bespoke operational theory. The single-dose usability of this platform is a categorical shift from existing approaches with durable equipment that require programming and assembly to disposable electrodes for each use. Our Wearable Disposable Electrotherapy technology can be distributed like pharmacotherapy, with indications spanning neuromodulation of brain disorders, skin health and wound healing, transcutaneous drug delivery, and bioelectronic medicine.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohamad FallahRad & Kyle Donnery & Mojtaba Belali Koochesfahani & Zeeshan Chaudhry & Rayyan Bhuiyan & Benjamin Babaev & Matthew Saw & Tiffany Liu & Miguel R. Diaz Uraga & Mahdi Zaman & Kisholoy Saha &, 2025. "Wearable disposable electrotherapy," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-64101-x
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64101-x
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