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Strong repulsive Lifshitz-van der Waals forces on suspended graphene

Author

Listed:
  • Gianluca Vagli

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Tian Tian

    (ETH Zürich
    University of Alberta)

  • Franzisca Naef

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Hiroaki Jinno

    (ETH Zürich
    JAXA)

  • Kemal Celebi

    (ETH Zürich)

  • Elton J. G. Santos

    (The University of Edinburgh
    The University of Edinburgh)

  • Chih-Jen Shih

    (ETH Zürich)

Abstract

Understanding surface forces of two-dimensional (2D) materials is of fundamental importance as they govern molecular dynamics in nanoscale proximity. Despite recent understanding of substrate-supported 2D monolayers, the intrinsic surface properties of 2D materials remain vague. Here we report on a repulsive Lifshitz-van der Waals force generated in proximity to the surface of suspended graphene. In combination with our theoretical model taking into account the flexibility of graphene, we directly measured repulsive forces using atomic force microscopy. An average repulsive force of up to 1.4 kN/m2 has been detected at separations of 8.8 nm between a gold-coated tip and a sheet of suspended graphene, more than two orders of magnitude greater than the long-range Casimir-Lifshitz repulsion demonstrated in fluids. Our findings imply that suspended 2D materials could exert repulsive forces on any approaching electroneutral object in close proximity, resulting in substantially lower wettability. This could offer technological opportunities such as molecular actuation and quantum levitation.

Suggested Citation

  • Gianluca Vagli & Tian Tian & Franzisca Naef & Hiroaki Jinno & Kemal Celebi & Elton J. G. Santos & Chih-Jen Shih, 2025. "Strong repulsive Lifshitz-van der Waals forces on suspended graphene," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-63074-1
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63074-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yunjo Kim & Samuel S. Cruz & Kyusang Lee & Babatunde O. Alawode & Chanyeol Choi & Yi Song & Jared M. Johnson & Christopher Heidelberger & Wei Kong & Shinhyun Choi & Kuan Qiao & Ibraheem Almansouri & E, 2017. "Remote epitaxy through graphene enables two-dimensional material-based layer transfer," Nature, Nature, vol. 544(7650), pages 340-343, April.
    2. J. N. Munday & Federico Capasso & V. Adrian Parsegian, 2009. "Measured long-range repulsive Casimir–Lifshitz forces," Nature, Nature, vol. 457(7226), pages 170-173, January.
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