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Non-equilibrium anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for investigating Higgs modes in superconductors

Author

Listed:
  • Tomke E. Glier

    (Universität Hamburg)

  • Sida Tian

    (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research)

  • Mika Rerrer

    (Universität Hamburg)

  • Lea Westphal

    (Universität Hamburg
    Technische Universität München)

  • Garret Lüllau

    (Universität Hamburg
    Université Paris Cité)

  • Liwen Feng

    (TUD Dresden University of Technology)

  • Jakob Dolgner

    (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research)

  • Rafael Haenel

    (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research)

  • Marta Zonno

    (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
    University of British Columbia
    University of British Columbia
    Synchrotron SOLEIL)

  • Hiroshi Eisaki

    (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology)

  • Martin Greven

    (University of Minnesota)

  • Andrea Damascelli

    (University of British Columbia
    University of British Columbia)

  • Stefan Kaiser

    (TUD Dresden University of Technology)

  • Dirk Manske

    (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research)

  • Michael Rübhausen

    (Universität Hamburg)

Abstract

Even before its role in electroweak symmetry breaking, the Anderson-Higgs mechanism was introduced to explain the Meissner effect in superconductors. Spontaneous symmetry-breaking yields massless phase modes representing the low-energy excitations of the Mexican-Hat potential. Only in superconductors the phase mode is shifted towards higher energies owing to the gauge field of the charged condensate. This results in a low-energy excitation spectrum governed by the Higgs mode. Consequently, the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-like Meissner effect signifies a macroscopic quantum condensate in which a photon acquires mass, representing a one-to-one analogy to high-energy physics. We report on an innovative spectroscopic technique to study symmetries and energies of the Higgs modes in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 after a soft quench of the Mexican-Hat potential. Population inversion induced by an initial laser pulse leads to an additional anti-Stokes Raman-scattering signal, which is consistent with polarization-dependent Higgs modes. Within Ginzburg-Landau theory, the Higgs-mode energy is connected to the Cooper-pair coherence length. Within a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer weak-coupling model we develop a quantitative and coherent description of single-particle and two-particle channels. This opens the avenue for Higgs Spectroscopy in quantum condensates and provides a unique pathway to control and explore Higgs physics.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomke E. Glier & Sida Tian & Mika Rerrer & Lea Westphal & Garret Lüllau & Liwen Feng & Jakob Dolgner & Rafael Haenel & Marta Zonno & Hiroshi Eisaki & Martin Greven & Andrea Damascelli & Stefan Kaiser , 2025. "Non-equilibrium anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for investigating Higgs modes in superconductors," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-62245-4
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62245-4
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