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The Middle Class, Income Polarization and Redistributive Policies in Spain, 2007–2017

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  • Karina Alfaro-Moreno
  • José Javier Núñez-Velázquez

Abstract

In this work, we consider five income classes and study their evolution between 2007 and 2017, specifically the middle class. Because income polarization is associated with a lack of cohesion in a society comprising different groups, we also calculate the polarization of income classes. Likewise, we analyze the redistributive effects of public policies (taxes and transfers) on income classes and income polarization. The main conclusions derived from this analysis are that the middle class remained relatively stable in 2007–2009. However, from 2010 onward, the middle class declined. The polarization index increased from 2007 to 2013. Although the scenario started improving in 2014, several indicators have not yet returned to pre-crisis levels. In turn, the state has helped by using measures to increase the size of the middle class and decrease polarization indices.

Suggested Citation

  • Karina Alfaro-Moreno & José Javier Núñez-Velázquez, 2026. "The Middle Class, Income Polarization and Redistributive Policies in Spain, 2007–2017," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 60(3), pages 682-698, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:mes:jeciss:v:60:y:2026:i:3:p:682-698
    DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2026.2699651
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