From Plant Extracts to Nanomedicine: A Review on Green Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been undeniably one of the most extensively discussed topics in the field of nanotechnology due to their fantastic physicochemical properties and potential for biomedical applications. Among various ways of synthesis, green synthesis using plant extracts has become one of the main alternatives to physical and chemical methods not only because of being environment-friendly but also due to being cheaper and more sustainable. The review thoroughly examines the green synthesis of AgNPs, particularly from Ficus racemosa. This involves the use of phytochemicals such as phenolics flavonoids alkaloids, and proteins which reduce and stabilize silver ions to produce nanoparticles. Moreover, it describes major nanoparticle characterization methods including UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) that reveal nanoparticle formation size morphology, and composition. Importantly, the review also explores various biomedical applications of AgNPs that include antimicrobial antifungal antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Besides improved safety and increased biological activity, plant mediated AgNPs also provide a. Furthermore, it talks about the problems encountered and also presents some points for future investigation such as developing standard synthesis methods and expanding the study of antimicrobial products.