Bird Diversity, Relative Abundance and Seasonal Dynamics of Bird Assemblages at Abhera Wetland, Kota, Rajasthan

The present study investigates avifaunal diversity, relative abundance patterns, and residential–migratory composition at Abhera Wetland, Kota District, Rajasthan, over a two-year period (April 2024–March 2026). A total of 100 bird species comprising 3,261 individuals were documented, reflecting substantial species richness and ecological complexity within the wetland ecosystem. Relative abundance analysis revealed a highly uneven distribution pattern, with a few dominant species contributing disproportionately to overall population density, notably Black-headed Ibis (32.22%), followed by Osprey (5.76%), Pigeon (3.92%), Great Cormorant (3.43%), and Oriental Darter (3.01%). In contrast, more than half of the recorded species occurred in low densities (≤0.15%), indicating high diversity but limited numerical dominance. Residential status assessment showed that resident species formed the structural core of the avifaunal community, while winter migrants constituted a significant seasonal component, particularly among waterfowl, waders, and piscivorous raptors. Summer migrants were comparatively fewer. The predominance of wetland-dependent taxa highlights the importance of aquatic habitats in sustaining both permanent and seasonal bird assemblages. The findings establish Abhera Wetland as a biologically significant habitat supporting diverse and seasonally dynamic bird communities, underscoring its role as a permanent refuge and wintering ground and emphasizing the need for sustained conservation and habitat management strategies.