IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ist/journl/v74y2024i2p401-426.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Determinants of Ecological Footprint in Türkiye: Evidence from the Fourier ARDL Bounds Test Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Mustafa Torun

    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi)

  • Cüneyt Kılıç

    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi)

  • Ahmet Tayfur Akcan

    (Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi)

  • Müşerref Arık

    (Kto Karatay Üniversitesi)

Abstract

Ecological footprint calculations evaluate sustainability by examining natural resources. The ecological footprint obtained by calculating the number of natural resources per person provides information about the amount of waste produced as well as the natural resources consumed and examines the sustainability of living conditions in the world in this respect. The ecological footprint is one of the frequently encountered topics in the literature in terms of the analysis of environmental impacts. This study examines the factors influencing the Ecological Footprint in Turkey. Using annual data between 1980 and 2018, the relationship of renewable energy consumption, human capital and urbanization variables to the Ecological Footprint is examined. The Fractional Fourier Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test is used in the study. There is a statistically significant relationship between the renewable energy, human capital and urbanization variables and the Ecological Footprint. When the outputs obtained in the study are examined, it is seen that the variables affect the ecological footprint. The increased value of these variables can be used to explain why the Ecological Footprint increased. Increasing industrial activities due to globalization and technological developments, increasing vehicle traffic in cities due to population growth, unplanned urbanization and destruction of green areas due to the sheltering needs of the increasing population, inability of recycling facilities to adapt to the increasing population and unplanned waste management, etc. factors can increase the ecological footprint. However, as urbanization increases, if a correct plan is drawn by taking these factors into consideration, the negative correlation between the ecological footprint and urbanization can be explained. Within the determined plan; Wastewater management, protection of green areas, prevention of unplanned urbanization and efficient use of resources are explanatory at this point. The empirical findings have important policy implications. According to these policy implications, to offset the effects on the ecological footprint, educational activities to raise environmental awareness and adopt energy-efficient lifestyles should be given due importance, various incentives and supports should be implemented and a green-based lifestyle.

Suggested Citation

  • Mustafa Torun & Cüneyt Kılıç & Ahmet Tayfur Akcan & Müşerref Arık, 2024. "Determinants of Ecological Footprint in Türkiye: Evidence from the Fourier ARDL Bounds Test Approach," Istanbul Journal of Economics-Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 74(2), pages 401-426, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:ist:journl:v:74:y:2024:i:2:p:401-426
    DOI: 10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1348087
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/194916E00423414DB3D07AFFA9EBC515
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/ije/article/determinants-of-ecological-footprint-in-turkiye-evidence-from-the-fourier-ardl-bounds-test-approach
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1348087?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nihal Ahmed & Farhan Mahboob & Zeeshan Hamid & Adnan Ahmed Sheikh & Muhammad Sibt e Ali & Waldemar Glabiszewski & Aneta Wysokińska-Senkus & Piotr Senkus & Szymon Cyfert, 2022. "Nexus between Nuclear Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in Asia Pacific Region: Policy toward Environmental Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Ludlow, Jorge & Enders, Walter, 2000. "Estimating non-linear ARMA models using Fourier coefficients," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 333-347.
    3. Enders, Walter & Lee, Junsoo, 2012. "The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(1), pages 196-199.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Veli YILANCI & Sertaç HOPOĞLU & Hakan ERYÜZLÜ, 2023. "The impact of the economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risks on tourism demand of Mexico," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(3(636), A), pages 147-164, Autumn.
    2. Melike Bildirici & Özgür Ömer Ersin & Godwin Olasehinde-Williams, 2025. "Climate Policy Uncertainty, Environmental Regulatory Arbitrage, and Internal Carbon Leakage in the European Union: Fourier ARDL and Causality Analyses," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(3), pages 13776-13810, September.
    3. Burcu Kiran Baygin & Nilgün Çil, 2024. "Persistence of shocks on non-renewable and renewable energy consumption: evidence from 15 leading countries with Fourier unit root test," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 5915-5934, March.
    4. Irina Georgescu & Jani Kinnunen, 2024. "Dynamic interactions between GDP, renewable energy, innovation, and CO2 emissions in Finland: a fourier-augmented ARDL analysis," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 1-23, December.
    5. Samet Gürsoy & Bartosz Jóźwik & Mesut Dogan & Feyyaz Zeren & Nazligul Gulcan, 2024. "Impact of Climate Policy Uncertainty, Clean Energy Index, and Carbon Emission Allowance Prices on Bitcoin Returns," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-14, May.
    6. Irina Georgescu & Jani Kinnunen, 2025. "An augmented fourier ARDL analysis of CO2 emission determinants in Spain: the role of growth, innovation, and trade," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 1-22, December.
    7. Fatima Zahra Moussaid & Hikma Bachegour & Mounir Jerry & Ahlam Qafas, 2025. "Probing the asymmetric impact of clean energy technologies on environmental quality: testing load capacity curve hypothesis in Spain," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 4425-4444, February.
    8. Claudio Morana, 2014. "Factor Vector Autoregressive Estimation of Heteroskedastic Persistent and Non Persistent Processes Subject to Structural Breaks," Working Papers 273, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised May 2014.
    9. İbrahim Özmen & Mihai Mutascu, 2024. "Public Debt and Growth: New Insights," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 8706-8736, June.
    10. Stengos, Thanasis & Yazgan, M. Ege, 2014. "Persistence In Convergence," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(4), pages 753-782, June.
    11. Phiri, Andrew, 2018. "Fiscal sustainability in BRICS countries: Evidence from asymmetric unit root tests augmented with Fourier fucntion," MPRA Paper 85501, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Ali, Adnan & Faisal, Faisal & Zhakanova Isiksal, Aliya & Maktoumi, Iman Sulaiman Amur AL, 2025. "Do green finance and health expenditures lessen the ecological footprint to ensure sustainable development?," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 4(2).
    13. repec:rim:rimwps:21-07 is not listed on IDEAS
    14. Lorenzo Trapani, 2021. "Testing for strict stationarity in a random coefficient autoregressive model," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(3), pages 220-256, April.
    15. Güriş, Burak, 2017. "A New Nonlinear Unit Root Test with Fourier Function," MPRA Paper 82260, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Silva Lopes, Artur, 2021. "Non-convergent incomes with a new DF-Fourier test: most likely you go your way (and I'll go mine)," MPRA Paper 120171, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 09 Oct 2023.
    17. Fatih Kaplan & Ayşe E. Ünal, 2020. "Industrial Production Index - Crude Oil Price Nexus: Russia, Kazakhstan And Azerbaijan," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 65(227), pages 119-142, October –.
    18. Ntombiyesibini Matonana & Andrew Phiri, 2024. "Who in the World can Africa Catch-up to? Evidence from Income Convergence Analysis," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 77(3), pages 417-444.
    19. Christopoulos Dimitris K & Leon-Ledesma Miguel A., 2011. "International Output Convergence, Breaks, and Asymmetric Adjustment," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 15(3), pages 1-33, May.
    20. Furuoka, Fumitaka, 2014. "Unemployment hysteresis in Central Asia," MPRA Paper 60323, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Tripathi Praveen Kumar & Sen Rijji & Upadhyay S. K., 2021. "A Bayes algorithm for model compatibility and comparison of ARMA(p,q) models," Statistics in Transition New Series, Statistics Poland, vol. 22(2), pages 95-123, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ist:journl:v:74:y:2024:i:2:p:401-426. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Istanbul University Press Operational Team (Ertuğrul YAŞAR) (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ifisttr.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.