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Hard and Soft Defense Against a Sequence of Aerial Threats

Author

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  • Michael Atkinson

    (Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943)

  • Moshe Kress

    (Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943)

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of missiles and drones (hereafter referred to as threats) in attacks by both state and nonstate actors highlights the critical need for a robust defense system to counter these threats. We develop a combat model for the engagement between a Blue defender who is subject to repeated attacks by Red threats. The defender employs two types of defenses: hard interceptors, such as antiballistic missiles, and soft measures, such as directed-energy weapons and jamming. Employing strategies for these two types of defensive options are evaluated by a two-dimensional measure of effectiveness: expected number of leaking Red threats and the expected expenditure of hard interceptors. We define efficient frontiers on this two-dimensional space and identify defense strategies that compose these frontiers.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Atkinson & Moshe Kress, 2025. "Hard and Soft Defense Against a Sequence of Aerial Threats," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 73(4), pages 1767-1784, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:oropre:v:73:y:2025:i:4:p:1767-1784
    DOI: 10.1287/opre.2024.1025
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