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From infrastructure to innovation: a review of economic growth effects from ICT, education, and R%D

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  • Rashid S. Aljneibi
  • Ijaz Ur Rehman
  • Panagiotis D. Zervopoulos

Abstract

We review how information and communication technology (ICT), education, and Research and Development (R%D) work together to influence economic growth in both emerging and developed countries. To fill that gap, we reviewed 108 peer-reviewed papers from the Scopus database using thematic analysis and bibliometric mapping. Our review shows that ICT boosts the quality of education and strengthens R%D collaboration, which helps build skilled human capital and drive innovation, which is a key ingredient for economic growth. Education improves productivity and innovation potential, though its impact depends on the country's institutions and stage of development. R%D, meanwhile, supports long-term growth but needs a strong ecosystem and good governance to be effective. Overall, the findings point to a complex but influential relationship between ICT, education, and R%D. Together, they shape how economies grow, especially when policies are designed to match each country's unique needs and context.

Suggested Citation

  • Rashid S. Aljneibi & Ijaz Ur Rehman & Panagiotis D. Zervopoulos, 2026. "From infrastructure to innovation: a review of economic growth effects from ICT, education, and R%D," International Journal of Trade and Global Markets, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 22(1), pages 1-30.
    • Handle: RePEc:ids:ijtrgm:v:22:y:2026:i:1:p:1-30
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