Analysing complex policy problems: a critical review of the literature

The governance of complex policy issues such as food security, climate change, global health, and migration often calls for integrative approaches, as progressing in one goal may result in either synergies or tradeoffs in others. A large body of literature has addressed concerns regarding the multiple combinations of policy instruments, cross-sectoral interfaces and conflicts, governance involving a growing number of stakeholders, governance levels, and policy goals. This study presents a cross-cutting literature review of the different concepts developed to address these challenges, along with their origins, thematic focus, theoretical approaches, and recent developments, aiming to identify their points of contact and to critically analyse their strengths and research gaps. The results are expected to support the academic debate and provide a heuristic outline for research while calling for further theorisation and the development of assessment methods and case studies beyond the traditional geographic focus.