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The effect of the 3/2/1 fluent speaking technique in teaching Turkish as a foreign language

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Listed:
  • Halit Karatay
  • Kadir Vefa Tezel
  • Hüseyin Karabuğa
  • Seda Kaya
  • Gökçen Tekin

Abstract

Fluency in speaking is a problem foreign language learner at all proficiency levels experience. To help learners cope with this problem research-proven techniques may be helpful. This study used 3/2/1, a research-tested technique, to develop the speaking fluency of learners of Turkish as a foreign language. The learners were given practice opportunities using the technique at two proficiency levels. Data were collected to determine the extent of fluency development in speaking and analysed using the number of words used by the learners per minute, the number of hesitations, repetitions, and false starts per 100 words, the number of grammar mistakes, and the use of more complex sentences in the talks of the learners. The results showed that improvements were observed in all criteria, which meant that the learners had made progress in terms of fluency, accuracy, and control of the content of their talks.

Suggested Citation

  • Halit Karatay & Kadir Vefa Tezel & Hüseyin Karabuğa & Seda Kaya & Gökçen Tekin, 2026. "The effect of the 3/2/1 fluent speaking technique in teaching Turkish as a foreign language," International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 19(1), pages 39-59.
    • Handle: RePEc:ids:ijklea:v:19:y:2026:i:1:p:39-59
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