Advancements and challenges in bird migration models: a comprehensive survey

Bird migration is a critical natural process that supports ecosystem stability and species conservation. This study explores the use of machine learning and deep learning models to predict bird migration patterns, focusing on their application in conservation efforts, habitat preservation, and climate change adaptation. With India's diverse ecosystems providing critical habitats for numerous bird species, predicting migration patterns is key to effective wildlife management. A review of over 50 studies on bird migration prediction highlights methodological approaches, challenges, and observation results, emphasising the need for reliable forecasting models. These models can help reduce risks such as bird strikes in urban development and inform climate change policies. The findings demonstrate the potential of predictive technologies to support global efforts in conserving migratory species and understanding ecosystem dynamics.